Rome s Good Side And Rome - 1558 Words

Pofue Yang Mrs. Killian English 8 Rome’s Good Side and Rome’s Bad Side When people hear or see the word â€Å"Rome†, many of them think of the ancient Roman culture. The Roman culture consists of the Roman Gods, myths, their way of life, and arts. The surveyors wrote things such as â€Å"Romans Gods†, â€Å"Jesus†, â€Å"Architecture†, and â€Å"Ancient†. But the most surprising thing was that barely any of the surveyors mentioned Rome’s dark side; conquership, enslavement of people, forcing other people to fight for entertainment, and most of all, the struggle for power;. This research paper is to let all the readers know about Rome’s beginning, Rome’s conquership, their culture, and the power struggle. Rome started its development and conquership ever since the beginning of Rome. What many people do not know was that Rome was at first a Kingdom, not a Republic or an Empire.Rome was founded by a man by the name of Romulus in 753 B.C. Romulus made Rome into a Kingdom, and made himself the first King of Rome. As Rome started out, Romulus stole women from neighboring countries to populate Rome. As this happens, Rome was separated between nationalities. Romulus was the King of Rome from 753 B.C. to 716 B.C. Rome’s second king was Numa Pompilius. Religion was established by Numa which will influence the Romans in war, economy, and politics. As religion grew, Numa added 2 more months in a year (10 years to 12 years) to assist in Religion rituals. Numa was king from 715 B.C. to 673 B.C. Then came theShow MoreRelatedPantheon And The Gods1338 Words   |  6 PagesPantheon means all of the Gods. The first Pantheon was built in 27 B.C., but it burned to the ground in 80 A.D. Titus th en became Rome s Emperor and rebuilt Agrippa s work, but it, too burned down in about 110 AD. Consequently, it was then rebuilt in 126 A.D. The purpose of the Pantheon is unknown, but from what we know today it suggests that it was used as a temple. Whether people worshiped there or the emperor made appearances there is unknown. On the facade of the Pantheon, thereRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar919 Words   |  4 Pagesglance, Caesar may appear to be the tragic hero, when the real tragedy actually lies in Brutus’s story in William Shakespeare s play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. One tray a tragic hero must posses is that they are relatable. The play may be named for Caesar, but the reader simply knows more of Brutus and his motives, which help to make his story a tragedy more so than Caesar s. Brutus’ thoughts, actions, and history are made more apparent to the audience in great detail, thus making him relatable;Read MoreRoman Empire Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor cause of the downfall of Rome. The Military was a huge strong point of the Empire for most of its existence, but when generals began training armies of their own for personal use it was the beginning of the end. When that happened soldiers were solely in it for the money. The system worked for a long time, but eventually Rome s enemies began offering the soldiers higher pay thus simply buying most of Rome s army. A major military failure that contributed to Rome s downfall was the defeat andRead MoreRoman Roads1495 Words   |  6 Pagesof civilization, having influenced every aspect o f modern society, from literature to mathematics. Even today, Roman law and foundation of government forms the basis of several modern democracies. The ancient Empire`s monuments still stand millennia later, awing and inspiring us. Rome s extraordinary achievements and the unparalleled string of influential people shaped the whole of Europe and even the rest of the world. Philosophers blame the success of the Empire on many different factors, howeverRead MoreChanges and continuities of Roman empire1432 Words   |  6 Pagestransitioned from a Republic to an Empire. Later, that empire was split into two parts; east and west. In terms of changes in culture, it was impacted by the shift in religion, as the Romans shifted from polytheism to monotheism. Despite all the changes, Rome still remained culturally diverse. The Romans overthrew the Etruscans in 509 B.C.E. The Etruscans had ruled over the Romans for hundreds of years. Once free, the Romans established a republic, a government in which citizens elected representativesRead MoreAncient Roman Society1353 Words   |  6 Pagesthinks of the Roman society, pictures of grand villa s and of senators wearing Toga s come to mind. Also, Roman society is often associated with great feasts and extravagance among the rich. There is more to Rome, however, then these symbols and the Classical Roman society is one with a complicated history that covers the history of the ancient city and involves the family, the home, education and much more. The social structure of ancient Rome was based on heredity, property, wealth, citizenshipRead MoreEssay on Politics in the Novel Imperium by Robert Harris1402 Words   |  6 Pagesbegins when Cicero as a young man from a middle class family. He leaves his small town behind and comes to Rome, looking to make a name for himself in politics. He begins as a lawyer and is immediately noticed for his outstanding oratory skills and daring composure . Gradually, he gains influence in the realm of the courts until he has achieved the title of the second best advocate in Rome, only beaten by his bitter rival, Hortensius. His next triumph is to take on a daring case against the governorRead MoreA Historical Overview Of Julius Caesar Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pages(Shakespeare style) The fate of a nation determined by one man. With classic alliances and betrayals, the tale of Julius Caesar is still regarded as one of the greatest betrayals in human history. The fate of Rome was heading toward a dictatorship. Only the Roman Republic could stop Julius Caesar from ruling Rome. Little did the Roman Republic know that this assassination would later cause Octavian Caesar to become the first Emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 B.C.E. There is much to know about Julius Caesar.Read MoreHannibal And The First Punic War1406 Words   |  6 Pagesstart of the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). Victory in Italy was Hannibal’s sole objective. To achieve it, he marched the bulk of his army in Iberia across southern Gaul and over the Alps into the Roman heartland. Hannibal’s strategy was to attack Rome. Although his tactics for battle were superior he had strategic failures which would eventually lead to his campaign in failure. The first Punic war started as the Romans moved over the sea and marched on Sicily to gain lands there. The war beganRead MoreWhat Is A Roman Tribune?1028 Words   |  5 Pagesfive to six in a legion and eventually that number grew to ten. As one could imagine, the word tribune is Latin. The root word is Latin. Tribunus is where the word tribune originated from. Tribunus means, â€Å"a protector or champion of the people.† That s basically the same definition as tribunes. The man under this title would stuck up for the people in time of need. This is what the Roman tribunes did. The tribunes were chosen by kings or rulers of any sort. Later on, in a republic, the tribunes were

Kohls Financial Analysis Essay - 2552 Words

Kohl’s Corporation Financial Analysis American retailer Kohl’s has become a prevalent fixture for the purchase of discounted clothing and home goods in the mid-west for over twenty-five years. The history of the company however has roots much more modest than present day market dominance would suggest. Dating back to a Wisconsin supermarket in 1946, founder Max Kohl grew his small business to the most successful chain of supermarkets in the Milwaukee area (12). By 1962 Kohl opened his first department store in Brookfield, Wisconsin where an eclectic selection of merchandise, from sporting goods, motor oil and candy, was sold (11). In 1972, the Kohl’s Company which by then consisted of 50 grocery stores, six department stores, three drug†¦show more content†¦By 2011, Kohl’s corporation reported 1097 stores and a net income of 1.1 million dollars. (12) Since its first public offering, Kohl’s Corporation has shown steady growth and strong profits and much of that is a result of exclusive and private brands, ability to embrace technological changes and carefully adjusting its business model to changing customer expectations. The launching of Kohls.com in 2001 has resulted in steady sales growth in the e-commerce portion of the company. To support the internet sales, a 940,000 square foot distribution center was opened in 2001 and a second one was opened in 2010. As internet sales continued to increase to more than 50% of its previous years sales, a third distribution plant has been acquired in Edgewood, Maryland (16). The new facility is 602,000 square feet but Kohl’s plans to expand the building to more than 1 million square feet by 2012. (15). This would indicate that Kohl’s intends to continue expanding the e-commerce portion of the corporation and is making all necessary preparations to support the growth. In March of 2011, Kohl’s also announced its plans to remodel 100 stores, an 18 percent increase from 2010 (18) leading to speculation that Kohl’s may be tryingShow MoreRelatedKohl s Financial Analysis Paper1057 Words   |  5 PagesKohl’s Financial Analysis Introduction Kohl’s Corporation (Kohl’s) is the second largest specialty department store. It sells private la-bels, national brand items, footwear, accessories, beauty and home products. It even has many of their own labels. The company operates 1,162 department stores in 49 states of the U.S. It has a web site www.kohls.com where you can buy the same items they sell in the store or their online exclusives. It also operates a nationwide loyalty program called Yes2You rewardsRead MoreAnalysis Of Macys, Kohls And Burlington1544 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The companies that were chosen for a company analysis include Macy’s, Kohl’s, and Burlington. Since the retail industry has been lagging behind lately, these companies will help determine the prospective financial investment in the retail industry. As Macy’s as our primary company, we chose Kohl’s and Burlington to be the two comparative companies. These companies are comparable due to the same SIC code of 5311 in the subgroup of department stores. These companies offer similarRead MoreThe General Macro Environment And Industry Attractiveness1101 Words   |  5 PagesAn external analysis looks at the general macro environment and industry attractiveness. A PESTEL analysis will be used to look at the macro environment and Porter’s Five Forces framework will follow to provide a clearer picture of industry attractiveness. PESTEL Kohl’s needs to consider political factors affecting the retail market, which usually pertain to governmental policy. The following represent current political external factors that are present in the macro retail environment in whichRead MoreAccounting and Finance: Managerial Use and Analysis Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesRahul Balhara Accounting and Finance: Managerial Use and Analysis MAR12 Sec C Financial Statement Analysis Project -- A Comparative Analysis of Kohl’s Corporation and J.C. Penney Co MAR12 Sec C Analysis of Kohl’s Corporation and J.C. Penney Corporation J.C. Penney was founded by James Cash Penney in 1902. This Plano, Texas based company is presently providing family apparel and footwear, accessories, jewelries, beauty products and home furnishings via 1,100 department stores as ofRead MoreKohls Corporation1123 Words   |  5 PagesKohl’s Department Store Analysis Ursula Landry Angela Burton Cardinal Stritch University Managerial Finance ADM 406 January 27, 2016 Introduction The New York Times states, â€Å"Kohl’s Corporation is a specialty department store. As of January 31, 2015, the company operated 1,162 department stores in 49 states and e- commerce website (www. Kohl’s.com). The company sells private label, and national brand apparel, foot wear, accessories, and beauty and home products. Kohl’s Corporation is oneRead MoreKohl s Inventory Turnover Is Better Than The Industry Average845 Words   |  4 PagesKohl’s inventory turnover has improved slightly since 01/31/14 to 01/31/2015, a ratio of 3.17 equals Kohl’s selling and restocking their inventory about 3 times during the year. When comparing these numbers on 10/06/2015, Kohl’s number has gone down. When compared to the industry average, Kohl’s is well below average. Target is also below average, but double what Kohl’s average is. The number of days in inventory did improve in Kohl’s by one day from 2014 to 2015. When looking at the chart from 10/06/2015Read MoreKohl’S Cares Is The Retailer’S Corporate Giving Program1110 Words   |  5 Pages Kohl’s Cares is the retailer’s corporate giving program that focuses on taking care of and giving back to the community thru a variety of avenues. The Kohl’s organization is a strong advocate for community involvement and volunteerism. They offer their staff a variety of opportunities to service their community to help make a difference. The Kohl’s Volunteer Program was created in 2001 and has donated over $112 million corporate grants. In 2015 alone, the program boast the following accomplishments:Read MoreKohls Dillards1714 Words   |  7 PagesFINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Kohl’s Corporation and Dillard’s Inc. – Financial Statement Analysis A. Kohl’s Corporation and Dillard’s Inc. are in the retail industry which is a highly competitive industry. There are a high number of retail stores, department stores which compete between each other on local, regional and national level. That competitiveness is highly influencing operating results of the company. The importance of the retail industry emphasizes the sentence below: â€Å"An estimatedRead MoreKohl Vs. Kohl s Corp Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesKohl’s Corp. Kohl’s Corp. was founded in 1962. , and has grown into a company that had revenues of over $19 billion in 2015. Their headquarters are in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin and is a family-oriented department store that sells national brands and private label merchandise of apparel, shoes, accessories, and housewares. Kohl’s competes with other department stores and discount stores for the middle-income shopping target market. The names brand products that Kohl’s offers are notRead MoreComparative Analysis of Kohl and J.Cpenny Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesYour Course Project Financial Statement Analysis Project -- A Comparative Analysis of Kohl’s Corporation and J.C. Penney Corporation Below is the link for the financial statements for Kohl’s Corporation for the 2010 fiscal year ending January 29, 2011. Under the term Groupings Filter, change the term All Forms to Annual Filings using the drop-down arrow and press Search. You should then scroll down and select the 10k dated 3/18/2011 and choose to download in Word or PDF format. http://www

Comparing Death of a Salesman to The Great Gatsby free essay sample

In the search for the American dream many things can be lost, this is reflected in the novel The Great Gatsby and the movie Death of a Salesman. Both of these works demonstrate the lengths that some people will go to in order to achieve the stereotypical life of a rich, successful and powerful American, which is often referred to as the American dream. Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller illustrates how the character Willy will stop at nothing to achieve the American dream, despite the tremendous costs. Willy is unable to achieve his goal, however, due to his stubbornness. The aspects of the novel The Great Gatsby about the pursuit of the American dream parallel Death of a Salesman.That huge place over there? Do you like it? I love it. (page 95) The symbol of the green light symbolizes that he is working hard and striving for his goal and obtaining it: He stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way? and distinguished nothing except a single green light. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Death of a Salesman to The Great Gatsby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (page 26)In both modern tragedies Fitzgerald and Miller view the American Dream as a failure. Jay Gatsby was a dreamer and was taken advantage of in life and quickly forgotten in death. Gatsby sees a comparision between the pulpless halves of the lemons and orange, and his party guests: You cant eat the orange and throw the peel away ? a man is not a piece of fruit! His sales company can parallel this to Willy feeling taken advantage of. Willy feels betrayed by his company when his boss Howard who is ironically named by Willy shortly after he began working for Howards father fires him. That snot nose. Imagine that. Imagine that I named him. I named him Howard. Both Jay and Willy were greatly impacted psychologically by the betrayals in these tragedies.One should keep in mind the American dream in life however, should not try to live their lives based solely on the dream. Each persons thought of the American dream will vary and should never be based on materialistic things or money but on an obtainable†¦

Validity and Reliability of peer review

Validity refers to a study that is accurate and assesses given areas of study that the researcher should understand. Validity may be internal or external. This depends on the aspect of the study that the researcher wants to measure.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Validity and Reliability of peer review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internal validity is the design of conducting research and how the decision making process is undertaken to get the best results. External validity explains the depth of study and the level of generalization and comparison with research studies that different authors conduct. Reliability refers to the extent to which a given research project can give consistent results and outcome. This is achieved when several experiments are done using the same procedure. In this case, the experiments are done using the same research tools and procedures even if conducted by different researche rs. However, the outcome should be similar. Reliable data from a research study should be relevant to the problems that the researcher should solve to help in the decision-making process (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007). Validity measures how an instrument can measure a given characteristic in a research field accurately. In this regard, similar results are expected when using a common procedure. When the experiment is done, and the results are compared, they should indicate the same outcome. For a research to be valid, the results should be verified by a peer in the same doctrine of study. A peer is a person who shares the same legal status in terms of education or even age. A peer can also be a person who shares qualifications or abilities with another researcher. Thus, in a health and medicine field, it is important for researchers to undertake peer review of a given study. Peer review is important because it helps to check the validity of any results derived from a research study. In the field of medicine, the researcher should consult widely with peers to find solutions to health issues that affect people. Peer review help to compare the best approach to a given ailment and thus better drugs are provided to people (Gerrish Lacey, 2010). On the other hand, reliability can be enhanced by conducting peer review among different people in the same field of study to find the best result and outcome that can be relied upon by all. Having peer review helps in determining the consistency of results in the area of study.Advertising Looking for article on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Two health officer researchers can review one another’s work on a given topic to expound on the topic. This helps to eradicate any errors that might have occurred during the initial stages of research. Peer review helps in comparing the analysis of each health officer and to gauge the consistency o f the data used in the research. Test and retesting can be done on the data to bring out the consistency in results while following the required procedure. The review can be done by a committee to ascertain consistency of the data because human decisions are classified as reliable if different people come to the same conclusion and results. Peer reviews that are done by committees should be supervised so as to achieve the objectives of the research. Thus, the committee should have access to information from other professionals in the same field of study who can check for consistency of the information. Therefore, for a given health and medical information to be considered valid and reliable, it should have undergone a peer review. In this case, it is crucial to certify the information given by the researcher on the topic (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007). References Gerrish, K. Lacey, A. (2010). The research process in nursing. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell. Lipp incott Williams Wilkins. (2007). Best practices: Evidence-based nursing procedures. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. This article on Validity and Reliability of peer review was written and submitted by user Macey Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

farbstoffe essays

farbstoffe essays In diesem Bereich mchte ich einige grundlegende Prinzipien zum Thema Farbe erlutern. Denn obwohl nicht nur Farbphotographie und Farbfernsehen, sondern eigentlich unser ganzes Leben von Farbe bestimmt ist und wichtige Entscheidungen davon abhngen (die Blinden und Farbenblinden nehme ich hier mal aus), gibt es dabei ein Problem: Wir haben mit den Farbnamen, die wir verwenden, kein eindeutiges System, um eine Farbe zu beschreiben. Was ist beispielsweise Knigsblau? Jeder, der dies jetzt liest, wird seine eigene Vorstellung davon haben und wenn man all diese Farben auf einem Blatt nebeneinander htte, wrde wohl jeder Farbton anders aussehen. Und so ist das eigentlich mit all den Farben, deren Namen wir im Alltag verwenden. Vllig undurchsichtig wird das Ganze dann, wenn man die Farbnamen der Bekleidungsindustrie betrachtet, die wohl mit jeder neuen Mode neu erfunden werden. Und selbst das Wort "Farbe" ist nicht eindeutig. Umgangssprachlich wird es sowohl fr einen Farbstoff, fr ein optisches Phnomen und fr einen Sinneseindruck verwendet. Die englischsprachigen Lnder unterscheiden da genauer: Einem Amerikaner kme es bspw. nicht in den Sinn in einem Baumarkt einen Eimer "color" zu kaufen. Einen Eimer "paint" wrde er aber erhalten. Das Hauptproblem ist, daß Farbe keine physikalische Grße wie Lnge oder Gewicht ist, die eindeutig definiert ist. Farbe ist eher ein Sinneseindruck wie Geschmack oder Geruch. Und Farbe setzt eine Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht voraus. Ohne Licht keine Farbe. Trotzdem, auch mit dem Wissen, das in diesem Bereich vermittelt wird, ist es nicht mglich "Farbe" zu messen. Man kann nur die Strahlung messen, die in unser Auge eintritt und dann im Gehirn einen Farbeindruck hervorruft. Ob das bei Person A derselbe ist, wie bei Person B ist ein ganz anderes Thema. Das Bedrfnis des Menschen, sich und seine Umwelt mit Farben zu schmc...

Getting a Teacher Certificate

Getting a Teacher Certificate As the TESOL teaching profession becomes more and more competitive, finding a good teaching job requires higher qualifications. In Europe, the TESOL teaching certificate is the base qualification. There are a number of different names for this teaching certificate including the TESL teaching certificate and TEFL teaching certificate. After that, teachers who are committed to the profession will usually go on to take the TESOL diploma. The TESOL Diploma is a full years course and is currently highly valued in Europe.    An Overview This main purpose of this diploma (besides, lets be honest, improving career qualifications) is to give the TESOL teacher a broad overview of the principal approaches to teaching and learning English. The course serves to raise the teachers consciousness as to what learning processes are taking place during  language acquisition and instruction. The basis is on an underlying teaching philosophy of Principled Eclecticism. In other words, no one method is taught as being correct. An inclusive approach is taken, giving each school of thought its due, while also examining its possible shortcomings. The objective of the diploma is to give the TESOL teacher the necessary tools to evaluate and apply different teaching methods to meet each students needs. Taking the Course The distance learning method has both its positive and negative side. There is a massive amount of information to get through and it takes quite a bit of self-discipline to complete the coursework effectively. Certain areas of study also seem to play a larger role than others. Thus, phonetics and phonology play a leading role in the makeup of the course (30% of modules and  ¼ of the exam), while other, more practical subjects such as reading and writing, play a relatively minor role. In general, the emphasis is on teaching and learning theory and not necessarily on the application of specific instruction methods. However, the practical part of the diploma does focus very specifically on teaching theory. Logistically, the support and help from Sheffield Hallam and the course directors at English Worldwide were excellent. The final intensive course of five days was essential for the successful completion of the course. This session was in many ways the most satisfying part of the course and served to unify all the various schools of thought studied, as well as providing practical exam writing practice. Advice Self-discipline and good pacing throughout the entire academic year are of absolute importance in order to deal with all the material presented.As the exam itself concentrates not on single areas of instruction, but rather to global issues, relate parts to the whole on a continuing basis.Get some kind of holiday break in before the final intensive week and exam preparation.   Other Experiences The following other articles and accounts of studying for various teaching certifications. A review of the i-to-i Online Tefl CertificateThe British Councils 404 TEFL Qualifications Guide

Rabies (lyssavirus ) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Rabies (lyssavirus ) - Research Paper Example Conclusive steps have been presented within the research on how to avert the effects of the disease, and possibly reduce its impact in the human and animal kingdom. Several diseases have come to the world today. Diseases vary from those that attack human beings, those that attack animals, and those that attack both humans or mammals and non-mammal animals. Rabies (lyssavirus) is one of the most feared diseases in the world considering the nature in which it has killed many people in the world today. Any person who has encountered the effects of Rabies (lyssavirus) can explain better on how the disease is a danger to the existence of all mammals in the world. Rabies (lyssavirus) causes an inflammation of the brain among all the mammals or warm-blooded animals. The diseases have a longer period between contraction and occurrence of the first signs and symptoms. The experimental time between infection and demonstration of the symptoms is between one week and to more than one year. This time is dependent on how long the virus will have to travel before it reaches the central nervous system. Early symptoms of the disease include tingling and fever. One of the common characteristics of Rabies (lyssavirus) in warm-blooded animals is violent movement and behavior. There is also a common uncontrolled behavior and excitement. Fear of water is common among those infected. Some parts of the body become hard to move among people, with confusion and loss of consciousness. Death is normally very near the moment such symptoms have started appearing (Kienzle et, al 78). There are common methods through which this disease is spread among humans, and from one animal to another. The common ones, that transcend both types of living things is a scratch or bite. The virus is transmitted by saliva. In most cases, that is common in the world, dog bite with an

NHS Direct Phone & Internet Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NHS Direct Phone & Internet Healthcare - Essay Example Data collection has larger ramifications in this system of healthcare than it might in a traditional or commerce-based system. Apparently, despite the availability of this healthcare, there have still been segments of people who have fallen into the cracks and have received less care than others, generally in a higher level of income. A study in the 1970's showed up problems in infant mortality, death rates of mothers in childbirth and a deathrate from tuberculosis that was higher than in the 1930's. In addition, this system of healthcare is subject to the economic decisions of the government from year to year, and is currently being cut back in some areas (Dworkin 1997). The NHS Direct web page, www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk, includes: 1) enquiry page, 2) health encyclopaedia, 3) self-help guide, 4) common health questions, 5) interactive tools, 6) newsletter subscription, 7) directory of physicians and medical practitioners, 8) NHS services link and links in several languages as well as many other helpful links. It also refers people to their phone line which is available 24 hours a day, which is how NHS Direct first started. In 2005, a newspaper article (Evening Chronicle) stated fears that the Tories would "pull the plug" on Tyneside's call centre if they were elected. The fears were dismissed by the Tories and the Conservatives. The call centre employs about 200 people. The Tories insisted that they rather aim to improve the system. The Tyneside centre was one of the original sites that was begun in 1998. They handle over 30,000 calls a month. Since the system went national, it has handled more than 10 million calls. According to Health Secretary, Andrew Lansley (2005) the Conservatives plan to reconfigure NHS Direct with a more integrated emergency care network that will enable doctors' out-of-hours services, ambulance trusts, walk-in centres and NHSD to be used as is best for each network, and better local service. The main point of NHS Direct is to reduce hospital queues (Gibson 1999) by giving people access to medical information. The phone operators and nurses in the call centres are trained to diagnose symptoms and offer information on available treatments. "Cyber docs" and "net nurses" online (Gibson 1999) offer health advice after the 'patient' types in their symptoms. They, too, can suggest possible medical treatments, if needed. The year that NHS Direct was begun, the National Health Service had 50 years of service yet the UK was still behind other European countries in dealing with health issues such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. So in addition to the internet service, NHS Direct also set up "observatories" to monitor facts and figures across the country, called the "White Paper". Question 2: What contributions can the internet make to effective service operations With reference to S. Ghosh's article "Making business sense of the internet" in the Harvard Business Review of 1998, the same opportunities and threats that traditional businesses face on the internet are also true for a government-run site such as the NHS Direct internet site. Ghosh wrote that setting up a web presence is easy but creating the business model is very difficult (Pandya 1999). Since the inception of the internet, there have been a

Similarities and differences between monopolies and oligopolies Essay Example for Free

Similarities and differences between monopolies and oligopolies Essay According to Mankiw, N. G. (2004) monopolies and oligopolies can be defined as: Monopolies are based on a market where there are several buyers but only one seller of a product or service whereby the seller sets the price for products and services provided. Oligopolies are based on a market where there a few companies own or control the production of a product or service whereby the few companies control the market of products and services provided. Differences: Monopolies have only one seller. Oligopolies have at least two or more sellers. Monopolies offer only one product or service. Oligopolies offer more than one good or service. In monopolies the seller can set the price without competition. In oligopolies the sellers set prices based on competitor prices. Monopolies usually exceed marginal profits. Oligopolies usually meet marginal profits. Monopolies are unable to achieve any level of profit they want due to high prices that reduce consumer purchases. Oligopolies have a better chance of achieving the level of profit desired because prices are lowered to raise consumer purchases. Monopolies usually have no close substitute for products or services offered. Oligopolies usually have a small number of close substitutes for products or services offered. Similarities: Both monopolies and oligopolies consist of large organizations Both monopolies and oligopolies hold considerable market control over specific products and services. Both monopolies and oligopolies hold specific copyrights for products and services provided. Both monopolies and oligopolies are affected by increased production in the fact that higher production reduces the price of products and services. Both monopolies and oligopolies are able to achieve a monopoly on production id specific products or services under copyright. Both monopolies and oligopolies impact the production and sale of products and services. HOW WOULD YOU CLASSIFY MICROSOFTÂ ©? I would consider Microsoft to be an oligopoly company because there are several other companies that offer similar products. However, given that Microsoft holds copyrights to specific software such as Microsoft word, Microsoft Visio, and so forth O do believe that they are moving closet to becoming a monopoly company. HOW WOULD YOU CLASSIFY THE POWER INDUSTRY IN YOUR AREA? EXPLAIN YOUR REASONING. My first thought was that the power company in my area (Hampton, Virginia) would be a monopoly. However, after some research I believe that the power industry in Hampton, Virginia would be considered an oligopoly because there are several different companies offering the same services. According to Google (n. d. ) some examples of local companies offering similar services include but are not limited to: Dominion Virginia Power www. dom. com Jacqui Electric Company www. jacquie. com. au Bay Electric Co. Inc. www. bayelectricco. com. References Mankiw, N. G. (2004). _Principles of economics_ (3rd ed. ). Chicago, IL: Thomson South-Western. Google (n. d. ). Local business results for electric company near Hampton, VA. Retrieved February 6, 2008, form http://www. google. com/search? sourceid=navclientie=UTF-8rlz=1T4ADBR_enUS207US207q=electric+company+hampton+VA.

Eastern and Western Religions Essay -- essays research papers

The â€Å"Soul† According to Eastern & Western Religions The idea of the soul varies widely in religious tradition. While these variations exist, its basic definition is unvarying. The soul can be described as the ultimate internal principle by which we think, feel, and will, and by which our bodies are animated. The soul is seen as the core principle of life or as the essence of a being 1. Views on the permanence of the soul vary throughout religious tradition as well. While some view it as a mortal entity in flux others believe the soul is an immortal and permanent unit. These interpretations vary from time period to time period and between religions. These characteristics of the soul are interpreted differently through an Eastern or Western perspective. In general, Eastern and Western Religions, with the exception of Buddhism, consider the soul to be a permanent entity, which is either reborn or sentenced to a permanent heaven or hell. Christianity views the soul as the permanent entity within oneself, which is judged by God. The purity of one’s soul decides whether it passes to heaven or hell. Christianity shares this basic belief with both Islam and Judaism which also say heaven or hell is the final resting place of the soul. The Eastern religion, Hinduism, preaches that Atman, or permanent soul, is in every being and is the embodiment of the ultimate divine, Brahman. Buddhism, on the other hand, believes in Anatman, or impermanent soul, because everything in the world ...

Dualism: Mind, Body, and Cognitive Science Essay

This essay examines the interaction between dualism and modern cognitive sciences. Additionally, it examines a modern defendant of dualism, and extrapolates his reasoning further into the 21st-century in interacting with cognitive science developments in the future. Finally, it examines how dualism is already a problem in modern factors such as healthcare, and how it will need to further adapt for the betterment of society. Dualism: Mind, Body, and Cognitive Science Dualism has been a powerful cornerstone in both Western and Eastern cultures for many years, chiefly because it is so centrally located within spiritual texts. The New Testament, for instance, makes a clear division between the soul of Jesus and his body, and how those separated entities were reunited for the resurrection of Jesus. Perhaps more practically, the Bhagavad-Gita emphasizes the separation of mind and body as a tool with which one can combat everything from doubt to boredom: one’s body may be doing troubling tasks (such as killing family members, as Krishna asks Arjuna to do) or simply menial tasks, but one’s mind—a separate entity—is encouraged to stay focused on Krishna, regardless of the body’s actions. With these spiritual texts playing such a central part in Western and Eastern cultures, it is no surprise to discover that dualism has endured with such strength over the years. However, dualism (as with many aspects of the religious texts that help promote it) becomes more problematic when modern science and medicine are applied to it. The most humble behaviorist models of psychology pose their own problems, as the study of correlations between external environmental experiences and the mind’s reaction work to close the gap between mind and body, as opposed to expanding it. The flawed practice of logical behaviorism does the same thing: reducing human interactions to a predictable math equation that does not account for the inherent illogic of the separation of mind and body. Reductive materialism attempts to reconcile so-called â€Å"folk psychology† with neuroscience, claiming that mental states and brain states are one and the same, eliminating the need for dualism. Failures of reductive materialism led to the theory of functionalism, which considers minds to be equal (as in, similar mental states) that simply react to outward stimuli. This â€Å"cause and effect† belief seemingly eliminates the freedom of thought necessary to dualism, as the mind’s actions simply become reactions to the body’s experiences and needs. However, modern dualism is not without its arguments, nor its defenders. According to Dr. Embree, there are three primary arguments for the existence and necessity of dualism: the first, as alluded to above, is that â€Å"epiphenomenalism inherently undermines the validity of thought† (2009). What this means is that any scientific explanation that attempts to debunk dualism (or does so as a byproduct) must bring with it the sobering effect of making free will a simple illusion that individuals believe as a kind of personal myth. This works on the level of national myths as well: according to functionalist theory, the Founding Fathers of America were not free thinkers (a thought that would have troubled Thomas Paine, to say the least), but were simply reacting to the external stimuli they experienced. Perhaps more troubling to this national myth is the â€Å"equalizing† effect of functionalism: not only did George Washington do what he did in accordance with external stimuli, he did what anyone in his place, with his means, would have done. Instead of being an agent of his destiny and of America’s, he was simply one vessel (of potentially many) for the predictable course of destiny. The second argument Dr. Embree puts forth for dualism is that â€Å"epiphenomenalism provides no explanation for the subjective elements†¦of conscious experience† (2009). According to this, attempts to explain the universe in terms of cause and effect creates one large problem: â€Å"that consciousness can be explained mechanistically† (2009). Embree concedes that one might believe no such mechanism has been discovered yet, and one may simply be waiting for the day that such a thing is discovered†¦however, that pushes what is supposed to be a scientific, rational inquiry perilously close to something more akin to religious faith, in two ways: one is the contentment to wait for the arrival of something which will validate one’s world view, and two (much more troubling) is establishing so many other things on the shaky ground that is this faith. For a religion, this is understandable. As a scientific inquiry into the workings of the human mind, it is quite disconcerting. Embree’s final argument for dualism is that â€Å"epiphenomenalism requires acceptance of deterministic assumptions about human nature and behavior† (2009). Embree himself admits that this is the weakest of his three arguments, because it does not deal with â€Å"logical† or â€Å"evidentiary† flaws in epiphenomenalism, but rather with the troubling aftermath. According to him, accepting that â€Å"our behaviors are strictly and solely determined by forces outside our control† renders us â€Å"puppets (2009)† who are unable to ethically try and imprison fellow citizens, simply because the rejection of dualism leads to an inevitable triumph of nature over nurture: just as George Washington did the only thing he could in reaction to his environment, so too did this murderer, or that rapist. If their thoughts truly aren’t free, their thoughts are not their own, and punishing them no longer has any hope of them turning over a new leaf, but instead becomes an arbitrary exercise in authority. On an emotional level, Embree’s arguments are very persuasive. On a philosophical level, very few individuals would be pleased to think of themselves as lacking free will. And, as he points out, even fewer individuals would be willing to overturn the entirety of how modern society is constructed simply to make it more philosophically consistent. However, by Embree’s own admission, the belief in dualism essentially gives itself a â€Å"get out of jail free card. † When it comes to hard questions, such as whether consciousness can be determined mechanistically or not, a dualist is free to take or leave explanations as they see fit. This is precisely because dualism, brought back to its Cartesian foundations, is founded on observation and assumption. Even as Descartes acknowledges the limits of observation (the hand in front of him could always be a dream image), his famous conclusion—â€Å"I think, therefore I am†Ã¢â‚¬â€is, itself, an assumption. Any attempts at rationally explaining why the brain acts or reacts in specific ways to specific stimuli represents a threat to this simple principle, and dualists protest against the futility of it. Ironically, perhaps, for a philosophy that self-associates so vividly with free thinking, that attempts to curtail discussion into the mind/body problem are the philosophic equivalent of the dualists locking the behaviorists away, a la Galileo. The freedom to think seems incompatible with the freedom to explore why we think. The final assertion of Embree’s is persuasive as well, though not necessarily in the way that he’s intended. He is correct that society is effectively set in its ways, so any major advancements or discoveries regarding the way that individuals think is not likely to turn society on its ear. However, such a view that this process is â€Å"all or nothing†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is to say that all of society changes, right down to our notions of justice, or nothing changes—is oversimplifying the matter to an obscene degree, To use an analogy, Darwin’s discoveries did not mean that society had an obligation, more or otherwise, to burn down every church they saw. However, it amounted to an incremental change in the way the world works on the part of everyone who believed in the scientific findings—a series of micro changes that eventually worked on a macro level. This is particularly true of discoveries related to how the mind works—the entire justice system was not turned inside out in response to the discoveries of Freud, but the incremental changes his psychological revelations brought about in individuals did eventually affect the justice system in terms of sentencing prisoners, organizing prisons, and simply understanding criminal behavior. What rings most true about Embree’s work, perhaps, is his correct assertion that on some level, people need to believe in dualism, if only to preserve the freedom of thought. Individuals being told that they are only doing or saying something because of the environment around them will feel no more illuminated than someone told they are doing or saying something because God or the Devil are making them do it. It risks robbing life of its spark, or zest. However, what Embree seems to overlook are the astounding advancements in sheer human empathy that are offered by discovering how the mind works. â€Å"Freedom of thought† certainly sounds attractive, like a bumper sticker one might wear in Orwell’s 1984 (shortly before Big Brother had this person taken away, of course). However, to continue the Orewellian strand, freedom of thought does not prevent â€Å"group think† simply because societies attempt to organize around their cultural similarities and when that proves insufficient, they rally around their dissimilarity to other groups. White, rural communities continue subtle (and some not so subtle) forms of segregation against black and Hispanic individuals. On a national level, in the so-called â€Å"Post 9/11 world,† citizens are measured by just how American they are, and extra scrutiny is given to those from another country. This is, of course, the double-sided coin of dualism; as Stefan Eck points out, â€Å"Descartes did not only help establish the natural sciences, but also the freedom of thought in philosophy, the humanities†¦his philosophical ideas were important for the emergence of modern politics of freedom and equality† (2009, p. 158). Doing anything to dismantle this may be seen by opponents as political maneuvering—quelling their ability to express personal philosophy in the name of an ambiguous future unity. Right now, this tendency to fear and rally against the unknown is a major form of societal unity—uniting in solidarity against the perceived threat of an unknown and unknowable Other. Discoveries in the way the mind works can continue down the road towards true equality because individuals will be able to empathize better with, for instance, an illegal immigrant, because they will no longer see them as outsider threats to the external notion of America, but simply one of their own possible fates had they not been born in a time and place of great privilege and prosperity. Despite this, there are many exciting possibilities for dualism in the 21st century. As mentioned above, the basic tenets of dualism remain necessary to focus most individuals on achievement. If they are made to feel like their special achievements are effectively a lottery that someone else could have one, it would threaten to derail the entire notion of human achievement. In this sense, dualism remains necessary for the realm of politics, as well. For obvious reasons, a system of representative democracy would fall apart if individuals thought that the person they were voting for would do no worse or no better than another individual from the same circumstances and location. As Dr. Embree so eloquently describes, a belief in dualism remains necessary for a belief in justice to seem well-founded. The justice system is already under severe scrutiny for possible flaws—best not to give critics more philosophical ammunition by implying that guilt is a subjective force that no human can logically dispense to another human. Stefan Eck describes this quite well: †¦Cartesian dualism is precisely one of the foundations of the politics of freedom and equality that Lock and Farquhar propose. Descartes says that the mind is independent of the physical body that contains it. Modern politics hold that people’s opinions are to be kept separate from bodily attributes such as gender, skin color, or beauty, that the minds of those who take part in the political sphere have to be split from their bodies to ensure that bodily difference is not turned into political difference. (2009, p. 156-157) Ideally, though, modern dualism and modern dualists will not be against inquiries into the way the mind works. Modern medicine, as a whole, will continue its struggle with how far down the dualism rabbit hole it is prepared to go. Grant Duncan points out that Western medicine often regards pain as â€Å"a simply bodily sensation,† and that modern medicine â€Å"often [neglects] psychological factors in health and illness† (2000, p. 493). The reason for this is simple: the extreme end of believing that pain is often entirely in the mind is the end that is sharing shelf space with books on healing crystals and other holistic claptrap. Grant goes on to point out that in the overmedicated modern world, those who experience chronic pain do their best â€Å"to justify the pain and to avoid the label of ‘psychogenic’†¦ if the pain does not fall into that ‘physical’ category, then it is likely to be treated with skepticism and moral disapproval† (2000, p. 507-508). This is the brutal bottom line: those whose pain is â€Å"only† in their mind will often be regarded as someone trying to scam the doctor for unnecessary medication. Meanwhile, psychologists—in a field that, theoretically, is most threatened by inquiries that would eliminate dualism once and for all—continue to experience unfavorable representations in modern media as â€Å"head shrinkers† who are content to blame all modern problems on the patient’s mother and then bill them an exorbitant amount. Where, then, does this leave modern psychology and its inevitable ties to dualism? Ideally, psychologists will realize that fields such as neuroscience are approaching the same problems as psychology approaches, merely from a different angle. Reductive materialism is another great example of this, as it takes the things that psychology focuses on (beliefs and desires) and claims that these can be restated and explained through neuroscience—that neuroscience is not attempting to invalidate a person’s beliefs and desires as necessary aspects of their psychological make-up, but to explain why they experience those desires. As Scott Arnold puts it, â€Å"[reductive materialism] allows that behavior has mental causes and that the causal processes may be complex, involving a series of mental causes and effects ultimately resulting in behavior† (2010). In the future, psychology and neuroscience may very well work as one entity that may come to be preventative, as opposed to simply reactive. What does this mean? Instead of saying â€Å"patient X has unhealthy desire Y, we are prescribing medicine Z,† the combined future of psychology and neuroscience may be more like â€Å"patient X is predisposed towards behaviors Y, we are prescribing Z course of treatment to avoid these behaviors. † This is what Arnold means when he says that â€Å" we have a kind of Double Language Theory, in which there are two languages (the language of folk psychology and the language of the neurosciences) to talk about one and the same phenomenon, the neurosciences† (2010). Ultimately, reductive materialism is more inclusive than exclusive, allowing a mixture of the two worlds. The result will be a future that is likely a shared dream between doctor and patient: a world that minimizes medication, circumvents and prevents negative behavior, and ultimately allows for the patient to spend less time on the therapeutic couch, and more time in the world itself, enjoying life. In all likelihood, the cognitive sciences and the proponents of dualism will have a long, rocky road to travel together. Dualism is necessary for individuals to believe in abstracts (freedom, desire), whereas the cognitive sciences are necessary for individuals to understand, in concrete terms, what is happening with their brains. In the future, it is likely the dualism will be taught (even more than it is now) in philosophy and ethics classes as just one possible branch of human thought, as opposed to the sole branch which must bear the weight of the entire human experience without ever snapping. Reductive materialism points out the irony of the likeliest fate of the cognitive sciences and dualism: just as reductive materialism is necessary to transform the language of the people—â€Å"folk psychology†Ã¢â‚¬â€into neuroscience terms, it will be necessary for someone to â€Å"re-translate† any new breakthroughs back into the language of common people. Perhaps this is the function that dualism will always serve, even among its proponents: that cognitive science research actually works within the boundaries of dualism in the sense that it focuses on the body, while dualists are free to concentrate on their mental sphere however they wish. Perception, after all, does determine reality, and no amount of cognitive science research can undermine a dualist’s own reality unless they will it to be so. At the end of the day, dualism is actually much closer at home to the spiritual writings that have helped carry its torch than it ever will be to the sciences. Dualism is the language of hope and faith—a belief in the perfectibility of the soul when the perfectibility of the body seems impossible. Cognitive science, however, remains what it always has: not the language of what may be, but the language of what is. References Arnold, Scott (2010). The mind body problem. University of Alabama, Birmingham. Retrieved May 15th, 2010, from http://www. uab. edu/ philosophy/faculty/arnold/4-Mind- body. htm Duncan, G. (2000) Mind-Body Dualism and the Biopsychosocial Model of Pain: What did Descartes Really Say? , Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 25:4, 485-513 Ecks, Stefan (2009). Welcome home, Descartes! Rethinking the anthropology of the body. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 52 (1), 153-158. Embree, Marlowe (2009). Why I am a dualist. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved May 15th, 2010, from http://www. marathon. uwc. edu/psychology/dualist. htm

Shopping Mall Descriptive Essay Brain Storming (Points)

Shopping malls are the important part of lives of some people in today’s era. An essay on shopping mall all the benefits of a shopping mall. The shopping malls are the places that are packed in weekends. The malls of today’s world are huge and provide all the products that a man desires as a source of entertainment. During weekends people come with the families for shopping and fun in the shopping malls. There are large in size with hundreds of shops. If one enters a shopping mall, he/she can get each and everything from household products to eatables in the same mall.These shopping malls attracts huge youngster crowd towards them Many people just come for window shopping to the shopping malls. These days the malls have become a good source of entertainment for everyone. There are many branded showrooms in the malls. Shopping malls have made the shopping of people very convenient as they get almost everything from one same roof. These shopping malls are constructed beau tifully to attract more and more customers. They have huge infrastructure.Descriptive essay on shopping malls explains the various aspects shopping malls whereas in opinion essay on shopping malls people/writer expresses his views on the shopping malls. Opinion essay on shopping malls explains the general view of the people regarding these malls. If the writer wants to write about the negative views about the shopping malls than he/she has tell about some particular aspects that he don’t like. If it’s so hard for you to write the descriptive essay on shopping, or if you haven’t a lot of time, you can buy essays at our custom writing service – Essays Lab.Opinion essay on shopping mall can describe the negative and positive aspects of the malls. Some people find the shopping malls as highest achievements of our civilization and some people are totally against this view and are very much irritated about few things related to the malls. The writer who has neu tral views about the shopping malls can write a descriptive essay on the malls. The descriptive essays do not have any argumentative statements. These essays can be written in paragraphs. The essay can be divided in introduction, the main body and the conclusion.The introduction should be very attractive mentioning the importance and usefulness of the shopping malls. The writer should be very clear about what he wants to write in his essay. The essay should be such that it conveys the purpose and importance of these malls. In the introduction the outlook of shopping malls should be mentioned. The main body of the essay should consist of inside interior of shopping malls. It can also mention the different kinds of people who visit the shopping malls. The kinds of small shops and departments can also be explained in the essay.

How to Become the Leading Authority In Your Niche [PODCAST]

How to Become the Leading Authority In Your Niche [PODCAST] Would you like to be known as the go-to when it comes to getting information on a specific topic? Positioning yourself as an expert would help you build your following, increase your engagement, and grow your business. Publishing excellent content is a great way to do all of these things. Today’s guest is Nicole Kohler, the content manager at WooCommerce, an Automattic brand. She’s going to talk to us about how to score and prioritize content, improve your processes, and become the leading authority in your niche. Information about WooCommerce and what Nicole does there as the content manager. How Nicole gathers ideas for the WooCommerce site and blog, how they decide which ideas to use, and how they keep them organized. Tips for judging ideas that come in from people inside of the company, including the evaluation system WooCommerce uses. How Nicole decided that a former process for evaluating content wasn’t working and how she made the necessary changes. What a content brainstorming meeting looks like. How WooCommerce uses personas to develop engaging content that keeps readers coming back for more. Some of the results that Nicole is particularly proud of. Nicole’s best tips for someone hoping to improve their content. Links: WooCommerce Nicole on LinkedIn If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Nicole: â€Å"We have this culture of content where everyone’s looking for these ideas and coming to me and saying, here’s a really cool thing I saw, and we can write about that.† â€Å"You have to think about what you’re good at and what you know better than anyone else. I think the biggest mistake that some content producers make is trying to focus on everything in their particular area.† â€Å"You, whether you realize this or not, are genius about your subject. Own your genius, own your thing, and write about that.†

Combustion Definition in Chemistry

Combustion Definition in Chemistry Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs between a fuel and an oxidizing agent that produces energy, usually in the form of heat and light. Combustion is considered an exergonic or exothermic chemical reaction. It is also known as burning. Combustion is considered to be one of the first chemical reactions intentionally controlled by humans. The reason combustion releases heat is because the double bond between oxygen atoms in O2 are weaker than the single bonds or other double bonds. So, although energy is absorbed in the reaction, it is released when the stronger bonds are formed to make carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). While the fuel plays a role in the energy of the reaction, its minor in comparison because the chemical bonds in the fuel are comparable to the energy of the bonds in the products. Mechanics Combustion occurs when a fuel and an oxidant react to form oxidized products. Typically, energy must be supplied to initiate the reaction. Once combustion starts, the released heat can make combustion self-sustaining. For example, consider a wood fire. Wood in the presence of oxygen in air does not undergo spontaneous combustion. Energy must be supplied, as from a lit match or exposure to heat. When the activation energy for the reaction is available, the cellulose (a carbohydrate) in wood reacts with oxygen in air to produce heat, light, smoke, ash, carbon dioxide, water, and other gases. The heat from the fire allows the reaction to proceed until the fire becomes too cool or the fuel or oxygen is exhausted. Example Reactions A simple example of a combustion reaction is the reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to produce water vapor: 2H2(g) O2(g) → 2H2O(g) A more familiar type of combustion reaction is the combustion of methane (a hydrocarbon) to produce carbon dioxide and water: CH4 2O2 → CO2 2H2O which leads to one general form of a combustion reaction: hydrocarbon oxygen → carbon dioxide and water Oxidants The oxidation reaction may be thought of in terms of electron transfer rather than the element oxygen. Chemists recognize several fuels capable of acting as oxidants for combustion. These include pure oxygen and also chlorine, fluorine, nitrous oxide, nitric acid, and chlorine trifluoride. For example, hydrogen gas burns, releasing heat and light, when reacted with chlorine to produce hydrogen chloride. Catalysis Combustion isnt usually a catalyzed reaction, but platinum or vanadium may act as catalysts. Complete Versus Incomplete Combustion Combustion is said to be complete when the reaction produces a minimal number of products. For example, if methane reacts with oxygen and only produces carbon dioxide and water, the process is complete combustion. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen for the fuel to convert completely to carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete oxidation of a fuel may also occur. It also results when pyrolysis occurs prior to combustion, as is the case with most fuels. In pyrolysis, organic matter undergoes thermal decomposition at high temperature without reacting with oxygen. Incomplete combustion may yield many additional products, including char, carbon monoxide, and acetaldehyde.

Selling the Revolutionary Surf Ski in International Markets Assignment

Selling the Revolutionary Surf Ski in International Markets - Assignment Example 7 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Executive Summary ABC Surfer has recently developed a new surf ski that can outperform all the existing skis and can be produced at a much lower cost. The surf ski's unique design and shell material is protected by a number of patents. Surf skiing is an international adventure sport with surf skier all over the world. Hence, it is in ABC Surfer's interest to expand into international markets to reach as many potential customers as possible. Surf skiing is comparatively a new sport but is gaining in popularity all over the world. Besides Australasia, the US is one of the major countries that hosts surf skiing events and has the biggest population of surf skiers. As such the US is not only one of the biggest market for surf skiing products, but also the fastest growing one. The countr y also has low barriers to entry, similar culture as Australia and a stable political and economic environment. As ABC Surfer looks to expand in international markets, the US comes across as an obvious choice. ABC Surfer must also carefully analyze and plan its mode of entry into the US market. Although the company has several options available, the need to protect its patented design means that it must discard licensing and joint ventures as possible options. Opening a wholly owned subsidiary or going for an acquisition is also not an available option at this time due to cost considerations. Keeping these factors in mind, the direct export mode of entry is best suited for ABC Surfer's international plans. It is recommended that the company should open a branch in the US to take care of day to day issues and importing, promoting and sales of the surf ski. Selling the Revolutionary Surf Ski in International Markets 1. Introduction The ABC Surfers is a premium Australian manufacturing company involved in the production of surfing equipment. The company has recently developed a surf ski, a revolutionary product that outperforms all existing surf skis in the market. The surf ski is designed for professional surfers and with its high level of performance can help professional surfers outperform their competitors. As the benefits of the sew surf ski become widely known, its demand in the surfing community is likely to rise steadily. Since the surf ski has huge international potential, it is important to ensure that the surf ski is easily available to surfing enthusiasts all over the world. Given the international nature of surfing as a sport, expansion into international markets is necessary to ensure that surfers all over the world have access to our surf skis. However, all international expansions must be carefully planned because a poorly designed international strategy can misfire and lead to huge costs. This report shall look at the most suitable market for ABC Surfer's international ventures and suggest the most suitable entry strategy. Surfing is a popular sport in many countries across Europe and Asia, but no country embraces the sport like the US. Hence, the US should be the obvious choice for ABC Surfers to make their international foray. As far as entry strategy is concerned, direct export is the best strategy at this time given the sensitivity of the technology related to the new surf ski as well as the cost considerations. 2. The American Market According to Westhead et al (2001), a number of factors must be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed before deciding which market to

Case Study - A Question of Contamination Assignment

Case Study - A Question of Contamination - Assignment Example re to this, if he is a person that values integrity, he should ensure that the selfish preferences of the prominent individuals should not surpass the well-being of the society. He should be accountable to the public by solving the conflict, because keeping silent would mean the government is unresponsive to its people. Additionally, being a public representative requires him to be accountable to the community in terms of what he knows and says (Box, 2013, pp.111-112). Blowing the whistle in this case would mean advocating for the public good, hence not being part of the corrupt individuals. This can be done by holding those involved in the deal responsible for the loss suffered by the community. Since the issue is a public affair, and it affects the whole community, it would be morally wrong to conceal the issue. Continued use of the chemical leads to the loss of economic resources that could be used to improve the economic position of the entire nation, and rapid steps need to be taken to save the nation. According to Lee, Neeley, and Stewart (2011) Erickson should formulate a plan of ending the crisis caused by the dangerous fertilizer. This would include reporting the incident to the respective regulatory body for the product to be banned from the market. He should also formulate a response plan to the public that should help them learn the importance of discontinuing the product in their farms. These strategies would curb further loss of animals, leading to the betterment of society. On the evidence, he now has of the possible environmental dangers of the fertilizer, should he inform the public? If so, should he leak the information to the press or identify himself as the source? What would be the likely consequences of each action? Informing the public about the danger of the fertilizer would help the community to save their herds. They would stop using the fertilizers, thus promoting their interest, and that of the nation, as great savings on survival of

Is there a legitimacy of IMF duties and did IMF fulfill its promises Essay

Is there a legitimacy of IMF duties and did IMF fulfill its promises - Essay Example The fund was also charged with the responsibility of availing its resources to member states facing hardships in their balance of payments, and lessening as well as shortening the degree of imbalance in the global balance of payments to its member states (Soros, 2002: pp 116). The IMF has contributed to positive change in numerous member countries since its establishment. At its inception, it undertook the daunting task of restoring economic growth and stability, especially after the world war, and the aftermath of the great global depression. The IMF adopted a simple working principle that all countries share some fundamental economic goals; that include achievement of high income and employment levels, and that countries can achieve these goals by adopting solid macroeconomic policies, collaborating to make international monetary systems work efficiently and making their economies accessible to trade (Camdessus, 1998). It has not been easy for IMF since the global economy has had its successes and challenges, especially during the fund's initial years. For all the countries that adopted the IMF principles, their employment rates rose, their national incomes grew, and their trade expanded immensely, ushering in almost fifty years of global prosperity. The global economy is much more com... Also, there are now various exchange rate arrangements which have replaced the initial fixed exchange rate system, with IMF member states increasing from just forty in 1947 to 182 currently (Camdessus, 1998). During these developments, the fund has also had to change and develop itself in order to remain relevant and address the changing needs and demands. The fund now temporarily provides and advices members undergoing wide ranging circumstances and problems. The fund has also expanded its scope to incorporate other elements contributing to stability in the financial systems and economic growth. The fund now advocates for its members deregulating their domestic economies to boost private sector activities. Moreover, it has called for the member governments to reduce unfruitful government spending, spend more on basic human needs, ensure accountability in corporate and government affairs and a more efficient dialogue on economic policies with the civil society and labor (Camdessus, 1998). The IMF has helped its members in dealing with various problems and issues that were not anticipated at the institution's establishment. For instance, the fund helped in creating a mechanism to recycle the surpluses of oil exporters and helped in financing oil-related deficits in some countries during the 1970s energy crisis. In the 1980s, the fund helped the Latin American countries in overcoming a debt crisis (Camdessus, 1998). In 1989, IMF helped in designing and financing substantial global efforts required to help the 26 transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former USSR to abandon the legacy of centralized planning. Between 1994 and 1995, IMF helped Mexico out

Unemployment During The Recession Economics Essay

Unemployment During The Recession Economics Essay The unemployment rate is one of the key variables that policy makers are interested in. There are different causes of unemployment and it is very difficult for governments to determine which causes are most important and how to deal with them. The two main types of causes of unemployment can be split as demand-sided and supply-sided. The unemployment has both economic and noneconomic costs (McConnell and Brue, 2005). The economic costs of unemployment are; (i) decrease in income and output which is measured in terms of the GNP gap and, (ii) burden of unemployment is not distributed equally among employees especially during recession periods (Petroff, 2002). On the other hand, loss of self-confidence, social and political conflicts can be counted as some of the noneconomic costs of unemployment (McConnell and Brue, 2005). Thus, it is important to analyse causes and outcomes of unemployment especially during recession period. Unemployment during Recession Since Industrial Revolution, the entire world economy has gained a momentum. This momentum has led to economic expansion an increase in quality of life. However, this momentum hasnt shown continuity. Countries have experienced many ups and downs in their economic activities since they industrialized. These up and down movements in economic activities or in production level are known as business or economic cycle (Parkin, 2012; Abel et al., 2008). There are two main periods of the business cycle (Parkin, 2012); expansion and recession. An expansion is a period which represents an increase in the economic activities and production level of an economy/country (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). Contrary, recession is an extended time period when the economic activities and gross domestic product (GDP) of a nation are slowing or falling down (Abel et al, 2008; Harris, 2002). These activities are including level of employment, investments, household income, business profits and inflation rate. In a business or economic cycle, recession occurs between peak and trough points. It is also known as a business cycle contraction. This is represented in the Figure 1. -Causes of Recession: Negative Demand and Supply Shocks According to Abel et al. (2008), two main causes of economic recession are negative aggregate demand shock (ADS) and negative aggregate supply shock (ASS). A negative ADS is a sudden event that decreases the aggregate demand in an economy (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). There are several reasons for this type of negative shock. It generally occurs because of tight fiscal and monetary policies (Abel et al., 2008). Government sets high taxes and reduces government expenditures to decrease the inflationary pressures. On the other hand, these policies can causes a fall in the aggregate demand and as a result economic recession takes place. The recession that United Kingdom (UK) experienced during 1980-81 was caused by tight fiscal and monetary policies (Pettinger, 2012). There were high tax rates, low government expenditure, and high interest rates for reducing spending, consumption and investment. The UK government was applied these tight policies for reducing the inflationary pressures whic h was formed in the late of 1980s. Inflation had fallen but the cost of these policies was the economic recession. Classical economists suggest that the negative ADS do not cause continued fluctuations in output level (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). However, they view that a negative ASS is a major reason behind the critical changes in output and employment level (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). A negative supply shock or a negative production shock is an unexpected event that decreases the aggregate supply in an economy/country (Abel et al., 2008). A negative ASS causes an inward shift in the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve of an economy (Abel et al., 2008). In figure 2, there is an inward shift in the LRAS curve because of a negative supply shock. It is reducing full-employment output from Q1 to Q2 and increase the price level from P1 to P2. This change in the price level represents that a negative supply shock causes prices to rise during the recession. Some of the real world examples of negative supply shocks are; changes in weather, such as an unexpected cold weather; changes in the structure of industries, such as merging of two or more dominant companies (Abel et al., 2008). Sometimes, the dominant suppliers join together for increasing their market power. By this way, they can restrict supply and set higher prices for making more profit. The real world reflection of this happened in 1970s by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) where members were imposed an oil embargo and then increased oil prices. When the oil prices rise, firms began to produce less since the cost of production was increase independently fro m aggregate demand. During oil price shock, labour demand, employment and real wage rate had fallen (Carlstrom and Fuerst, 2006). A negative supply shock reduces the quantity of labour demanded at any given real wage rate and causes an inward shift in the labour demand curve (Abel et al., 2008). In figure 3, the negative supply shock causes a fall in the labour market equilibrium from point A to B. At the new equilibrium both real wage and employment level falls. This graph also reflects the effects of oil price shock on the labour market. -Supply Side Factors During recession both businesses and individuals tend to retrench their economic belts and this causes negative effects on the level of production and consequently demands for labour decrease. Thus, during recession unemployment turns out to be one of the major problems on both government and society. Some of the unemployment during recession base on supply-side factors like personal transferable skills, job-seeker research channel, occupational mobility (job skills), and geographical mobility (Adams et al., 2000). For example; in UK, economic structure is turning to service based from manufacturing based economy (Parkin, 2012). The main reason of this structural change is globalisation and international trade agreements. According to Parkin (2012), UK has completely lost its cost advantages in manufacturing goods since the cost of production is much cheaper in Eastern Europe countries. Structural changes lead primary and secondary sector workers lose their jobs and many of them cann ot find new jobs since they dont have necessary skills for working in service sectors such as financial service institutions and information technology. However, even when economy is operating at full capacity, there is some unemployment that causes by the supply side factors. This is generally known as the natural rate of unemployment or equilibrium unemployment (Blink and Dorton, 2007). The natural rate of unemployment exists when the labour market is in equilibrium (Abel et al., 2008). In figure 4, the total labour force (TLF) in an economy and aggregate supply of labour (ASL), which stands for the number of people who are willing to work at every given wage rate, are presented. The difference between points a and b is natural rate of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment is the combination of frictional and structural unemployment (Abel et al., 2008). Frictional unemployment occurs when employees leave their jobs for finding more suitable job opportunities in order to satisfy their career and income expectations (Parkin, 2012). While employees are searching for new jobs, there is always some frictional unemployment in th e economy. The poor job information may lead this searching process to take longer than what the employees expected and consequently employees may lose their motivations for finding new jobs. Unemployment benefits are also a factor that affect the incentive to not to work. Also, structural unemployment occurs when the structure or production methods of an industry are changed in order to keep pace with changes in consumers tastes and new production techniques (Sloman, 2004). Structural unemployment is generally known as the long-term unemployment since workers must retrain or they may have to relocate for staying at their current jobs or finding new jobs (Parkin, 2012). On the other hand, the financial and mental costs of retraining and relocation lead structural unemployment that contains geographical and occupational immobility. Housing prices are one of the most important financial problems that cause geographical immobility. For example; in London, the active capital city life creates more job opportunities than in the North of England, but housing prices and rents are much more expensive than in the North of England. So, some workers may prefer to take unemployment benefits and staying at their neighbourhoods rather than paying high rents or buyin g expensive houses in London. This causes geographical immobility. An increase in unemployment rate also increases the burden of the government. High unemployment means an increase in the total amount of unemployment benefits that governments have to pay. As a result of an increase in unemployment rate, governments revenues fall. So, it causes budget deficits. In order to decrease the rate of unemployment, government may use both supply-side and demand-side policies. The main aim of the supply-side polices is to make labour force more responsive and flexible against the changes in job opportunities (Sloman, 2004). However, if there is lack of aggregate demand, supply-side policies can be ineffective. Thus, for achieving more effective results government can support supply-side policies by using demand-side policies as well as fiscal and monetary policies. Conclusion In recent years, recession become one of the major problems that the entire world economies encountered. It is inevitable for governments to take certain measures to determine the causes of economic downturn. It can be caused by demand side or supply side shocks. During the recession, unemployment becomes one of the serious problems because of low levels of consumption, demand and investment (Pettinger, 2011). However, unemployment exists even when economy is operating at full capacity. Unemployment never becomes zero because of supply-side factors, like; personal transferable skills, job-seeker research channel, occupational mobility (job skills), and geographical mobility (Adams et al., 2000). Structural and frictional unemployment are unemployment types that cause by supply side factors. There are massive research efforts to find out causes of unemployment and how to deal with it. The long lasting effects of unemployment make it an important problem for all economies and governmen ts that encourage governments to try to find solutions for it since it has economic, social and political consequences.

The Effectiveness of the International Criminal Court Essay example --

There is a close relationship between human rights and criminal law. The scope of my paper will surround human rights and the International Criminal Court (ICC) in addition to human rights and international crimes. International criminal justice in this context speaks to those interested in prosecuting against the background of international human rights and humanitarian norms. The use of criminal law has many positive effects and pursues many goals that are worth considering. For example, deterrence, accountability and punishment are important principles that will be discussed in the context of human rights. Is the International Criminal Court an effective method to promote and protect human rights internationally? If so, why and how? My thesis is that the International Criminal Court is an effective mechanism for the promotion and protection of human rights internationally because, by embodying the principles of criminal responsibility, it brings forth the notion of the individual as an agent in human rights and, by doing so, upholds the progressive shift that human rights conventions have developed. Criminal responsibility for human rights violations is important given that, by categorizing certain human rights violations as such, it allows for a progressive move internationally against those violations. International criminal law is an important tool that those advocating for human rights can use. The continued use of criminal law internationally, including the adoption of the ICC in 2002, will allow for a shift in legal norms resulting an increase in human rights. In this way, criminal responsibility allows for the education of peoples around the world by making an example of certain cases and displays the im portance of ... ...l Criminal Justice, 3 (2005): 608-620. Lynn Sellers Bickley, â€Å"U.S. Resistance to the International Criminal Court: Is the Sword Mightier than the Law?† Emory International Law Review, 14 (2000): 214-276. International Criminal Court. 2013. Accessed online on November 5, 2013: http://www.icc-cpi.int/EN_Menus/icc/Pages/default.aspx. Payam Akhavan, â€Å"The Rise, and Fall, and Rise, of International Criminal Justice,† Journal of International Criminal Justice, 11:3 (2013): pp. 527-536. Rebecca Young, â€Å"Internationally Recognized Human Rights Before the International Criminal Court,† International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 60 (2011):189-208. Hans-Peter Gasser, â€Å"The Changing Relationship between International Criminal Law, Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law,† The Legal Regime of the ICC: Essays in Honour of Prof. I.P. Blishchenko (2009) pp. 1111-1117.

Probation officer Essay

Being a Probation Officer can be interesting and challenging at the same time. You can make a positive impact on one’s life. A Probation Officer’s main role is to make sure that those released into his care are properly rehabilitated and obey to the terms of their probation. The officer also educates those released on probation on what they can and can’t do during the probation period â€Å"Probation and parole can be very cost efficient. In 2010, Larry J. Siegel wrote a report stating that the U. S. spends about twenty five thousand dollars meanwhile probation only spends two thousand. The government saves twenty three thousand dollars by keeping inmates out of prison and keeps prisons from overcrowding. Dangerous criminals should be kept in prison instead of being let out and keeping minor offenders in. Probation helps offenders recover by allowing them to enter society with a different mindset. Probation helps offenders recover by allowing them to do such things as preserve employment, gain support and help from their loved ones and once again become a productive citizen. That can’t be done in jail. Most prisoners have drug addictions. Keeping them in doesn’t give them the help that they should be receiving. The offender being out and put on probation allows him to recover himself by taking part in a rehabilitation center. Cons: there is the issue of community safety. Many offenders present a risk to community safety, even if it’s because the person persists in the risky behaviors associated with alcohol or drug abuse. Setting any offender free poses somewhat of a risk, however slight. The courts, judges, defense and prosecuting attorneys and probation personnel weigh these risks and balance them with the best interests of the probationer and victim. Usually, probation personnel monitor high-risk offenders closely through home arrest or electronic monitoring. Then there is the problem of victim concerns. Victims vary widely as to their perspective and feelings regarding probation for their offenders. In some cases, they may quickly forgive the individual and even build a relationship with them. In other situations, they may petition the courts for harsh penalties. Probation allows the courts to monitor the defendant’s activities in the community while he works and repays any restitution that he or she owes his victims. Some victims, however, may care more about his punishment than reimbursement Many offenders need minimal rehabilitation in order to become productive members of society. Completing substance abuse treatment or community service hours can motivate offenders toward compliance with probation requirements. They can stay in the community; maintain family ties and work to contribute to their family. If these same offenders are sent to prison, they might become hardened and learn further criminal behavior, when they could have easily just remained supervised in society. Probation personnel can further monitor compliance with court terms and conditions. One of the primary reasons that traditional probation hasn’t been successful in rehabilitating offenders is much too often probationers are completely unsupervised. An offender on probation could simply fill out a one page report of their work activities and submit this to their probation officer by mail. Offenders that are part of traditional probation programs have a recidivism rate of 65%. That means only 35% of probationers don’t commit new offenses. Offenders are accommodated into halfway houses. This is where offenders have to follow strict rules like curfew. Counsellors and psychiatrists are on call 24 hours a day to help clients with adjusting to outside life and coping with problems if they occur. Probation officers have a large number of offenders and they have a difficult time supervising them closely. This is because there are not enough probation officers to supervise offenders properly. Probation officers have offenders mail in a form weekly or monthly and there is a checklist that an offender has to follow and answer, employment and any law infractions. Pros: Cons our stance we are on the pro side of both probation and parole, as we believe they can be greatly beneficial to both the community and the offenders whom are placed in these programs. Granted, not all cases are a success, but we believe that the criminal justice system would be a far worse place without probation and parole†. (Larry J. Siegel) A Probation Officer plays a key role in changing one’s ways that may not be suitable for the public’s view. The public sees these offenders as no good and thinks they should be removed from our communities and placed in confinement. Knowingly this may resolve the issue of one’s misbehavior for a short length of time but there are many more out their committing these same crimes. So what possibly should be done other than confining these offenders  for long or short periods of time, and in an eight by ten cell? Well, a rehabilitation program set up when the offenders is released. This rehabilitation program may also be enforced upon release from jail or prison depending on the offender’s circumstances. Rehabilitation comes in many different forms such as, drug and alcohol classes. A person committing a crime that involved the use of drugs and or alcohol would be required to attend these classes upon release from jail, for a period of thirty days, sessions or the judge’s discretion. There are such classes that revolve around anger management classes; this would assist an offender in learning how to deal with anger issues and present those ways to relieve one’s stress, anxiety, or just the urge to combat. Rehabilitation also involves community service. Such offenders would be required to sign up at a local agency (Caltrans), and on a daily basis be required to show up at a set time and clean-up the sides of freeways, underpasses, parks, and communities. This would be a way to assist an offender in being accepted back into his or her community. Becoming a Probation Officer, as of 1995 virtually every state has a Probation Officer program in place for young and old law offenders. The duties of Probation Officers vary from state to state. A Probation Officer will meet with the â€Å"offender† on a regular basis and will provide guidance to the offender that will help the offender make better decisions in life. In the hope the offender will conform to the laws. Other duties can include field work such as locating an offender who’s failed to report as agreed and also testifying in a court regarding the probation violation(s). A life as a Probation Officer will be interesting and challenging. Probation Officers must have a keen interest in both criminal justice enforcement and helping young and old law offenders. Being a Probation Officer requires performing several duties and putting in a great amount of time and energy. This career provides a unique opportunity to intervene in the lives of criminal offenders and provide an opportunity for reform. The career comes with safety risks, but many current officers relish the opportunity to make a difference in not only one’s life but a community as a whole. When it comes to the benefits of a Probation Officers career, one may think the benefits are gracious but in fact a probation officers pay can be quite low, about forty five thousand dollars a year on average. Not considerably bad for a starting salary and if just coming into the work force. These benefits may or may not increase over time but other benefits include medical, dental, vision and 401k plans. These other benefits can be seen as a great deal as well because one does need a career that will help them in a time of need. Other benefits one may see are the fact of being able to deal with various situations and scenarios on a day to day basis not to mention the thrill and risks waiting every day. Many want to know what it takes to become a probation officer. Well, you must be at least twenty years of age, have at least a bachelor’s degree on up to a master’s degree, depending on what probation role you are seeking. Some physical fitness also plays a role in this position; you want to be physically active with exercises, walking, jogging etc. This will assure the apprehension of an offender in the event he or she tries to run or fight. A background check will be conducted, you must pass. If all goes well and you are accepted for an interview, you will meet with the interviewing party and answer some question and also this is the time in which you also may ask questions that you seek answers to. You must pass the interview process sometimes more than one interview will be conducted. After acceptance you will have to drug test and pass. And on toward the career you have been seeking awaits you. Life as a probation officer can be stressful. This can affect a person’s life at work and home. The position requires dedication and time. You must be dedicated to the laws set forth by the people and willing to spend the time it takes to assure one’s attempt to being rehabilitated. A probation officer acts as a liaison between the courts orders to the offender and respond on the offenders behalf when the offender has either completed his or her court orders or the offender violates one or all the orders set forth by the court. These determinations will determine whether the offender is released from probation or determine that the offender cannot be rehabilitated at the time and needs to spend the rest of their time in incarceration. Anyone can become a probation officer so as long they want to help society’s not so best, become better and get rehabilitated. This position requires education, physical demand, and stress no doubt. There are some qualifications that must be met but the outcome is great. The benefits are awesome and most wouldn’t be disappointed. With this all being said you may now know whether or not a probation officer is the job for you. If Probation sounds like something you may be interested in, get information and ask questions. There is plenty more information to seek out. The career of a probation officer is not only rewarding and challenging, but comes with great benefits. If helping people is the answer to your future this position can be a great place to start. There are risks and opportunity that come with changing someone’s life whether they are young or old. Many probation officers relish the opportunity to change the lives of law offenders.

The Impact of Railroads in America

Nineteenth century America was a time of rapid growth and expansion. The movement of settlers further and further west accompanied by technological advances led to the major growth of cities and industries across the American frontier. However, it was the major innovations of transportation that had the most significant impact on the expansion of Midwestern and western America. The construction of canals and roads led to the increase in the use of stagecoaches, steamboats, and ultimately railroads. Railroads became extremely popular in America in the 1800’s. The railroad industry itself began to boom; it was supported by its reputation for speed and efficiency. But, along with the booming industry of railroads came the strong debate that plagued Congress for years: should railroads be constructed as the major source of transportation over roads and canals? Although roads had become increasingly popular, the railroad industry was also viewed as being monopolistic, undemocratic, and unsafe. Despite the fact that railroads were sometimes monopolistic and undemocratic in that respect, railroads proved to be most vital in the expansion of the Midwest and western America. It was the use of railroads over all other methods of transportation that aided in communication, the transportation of goods, and ultimately decreased the costs of transportation, all of which contributed to the expansion of the American frontier. Before the rise of railroads, stagecoaches and steamboats dominated the transportation industry. Stagecoaches were an effective means of transportation, but in the early 1800’s they were accompanied by Robert Fulton’s invention–the steamboat. The steamboat was a â€Å"combined river and overland transport system† that proved to be effective in transporting goods and people. These locomotives were able to travel the rivers from the north and provide military posts and plantations with goods in the south while transporting passengers and immigrants. Prior to railroads, steamboats were the major and often only form of transporting settlers and maintaining communication between certain areas. Yet, the rise of railroads led to the inevitable fall of the steamboats, and the railroads took over as the major method of transportation. Although stagecoaches and steamboats were effective means of transportation, they were soon surpassed by railroads as the preferred method of travel. Railroads began blanketing America in the 1820’s and by the 1860’s over 30,626 miles where covered by the railroads. This rapid growth of railways was due to the fact that railroads offered better economy, speed, and reliability than other methods of transportation at that time. First, a cheaper alternative to traveling by stage or steamboat was to use the railways. Railroad companies offered low-fare excursion rates that made it more economical to travel. Overall, the cost of transportation was reduced by $150 million by 1859 due to the economic advantages of traveling by rail. Another advantage the railroads had over stages and steamboats was its high rate of speed. Railroads were two times as fast as stagecoaches and four times as fast as steamboats (Shi, 499). Also, the railroads were much more reliable than the roads or canals. Railroads had the ability to travel all year long with few limitations, while both stagecoaches and steamboats had difficulty traveling during the winter months, â€Å"at no time†¦ was stagecoach travel more trying and difficult than during cold, winter months† (Winther, 72). With that in mind, steamboats could not function or operate when the canals were frozen over. These difficulties were all contributing factors in the expansion of the railroad industry. With railroads quickly becoming the preferred method of travel, the demand began to rise and railroads were being built in high numbers in order to accommodate the increasing demand. The more railroads that were available meant more and more industries could use them to transport goods. There was better communication between the east and west, and people could also use the railroads to travel throughout the states. And it was there that railroads began to have a significant impact on the development and expansion of American society. At the peak of expansion in the 1800’s, communication between the east and west was at the forefront of importance. A document from the State of Pennsylvania regarding railways in 1825 remarked that there is extreme â€Å"importance and necessity of effecting a communication between the eastern and western divisions of the commonwealth† (Wade, 5). The appearance of the railroads in the early 19th century decreased and nearly diminished the communication gap as it provided a reliable and speedy method of communication. As the railroads became more prominent across the United States, the western states naturally became linked to the Midwestern and eastern states through the Union Pacific Railroad. This railroad running from the east coast to the west coast opened up new doors in trans-continental communication. Businesses between the east and the west were able to communicate more effectively, and thus, trans-continental trade became more defined throughout the United States. The mail services began using railroads as well, which was a large factor in improving communication across the US. Trans-continental communication was broadened simply by the increased number of people traveling across the country. And, even when the railroads seemed an impractical method of transportation, â€Å"they might make possible long lines of communication otherwise impracticable† (Haney, 183). So, railroads played an important role in broadening communication between the east and the west. Another factor that was directly benefited from the widespread use of railroads was the transportation of goods between the states. Before the rise of railroads, interstate trade was limited. Most goods were transported by way of boat, which was a slow, expensive transportation method limited to the water, or by wagons. Also, the types of goods that were transported were limited as well. Perishable items, which were potential victims to bacteria and spoilage, could not be preserved on boats, and therefore could not be traded throughout the states. These were inefficient methods of the transportation of goods. On the other hand, railroads allowed for better inter-continental trade. The rail cars themselves could carry heavier loads of goods at higher speeds than boats or wagons, which made them extremely efficient methods for trade. Furthermore, goods transported on railroads faced a lower risk of damage or breakage than by boats because land travel is much more uniform in motion than water travel. Oppositely, canals posed a high risk of damage to the transported goods: â€Å"much damage has been received by goods from the roughness of the water† (Wade, 41). With regards to perishable goods, the railroads offered safer traveling conditions by eliminating the bacteria produced by stagnant water as well as dust particles. Some rail cars even served as â€Å"refrigerators†, so meat could be transported across the country. Of course, the tremendous speed of the railroads contributed to their efficiency in the transportation of goods. Along with communication and trade, the railroads made a significant change in the overall cost of transportation. First, railroads could be constructed across the country at one-third of the expense to build a single canal. This was primarily due to the on land construction, which took one-third of the time to build than canals, so workers were not being paid for such an extended period of time (Wade, 6). The railroads offered greater promise in making more money because they could be used for every season, all year long. The costs decreased even after the construction of railroads. The tolls on canals were expensive while the tolls on railroads were only one-third the cost per ton of that of canals. Also, railroads were preserved and repaired more easily than canals. While the cost to repair canals was extremely expensive, railroads were repaired at one-third the cost. When repairs were needed there was no delay for the passengers or the goods because it was quite customary to transfer from one rail station to another (Wade, 35). The decreased costs to build and repair both contributed to the lower rates of travel for the passengers. Railroad rates were based on cost, determined by weight, distance, and grade, not on profit. These decreased costs were important in promoting the railway industry because they offered such affordable means of traveling for their passengers. Overall, the rise of railroads across the United States in the 1800’s led to great benefits in communication, the transport of goods, and the overall decrease in cost of transportation. These factors all played important roles in the expansion of America. Breakthroughs in communication and trade led to the rise of major cities and industries. The low rates offered by the railways allowed affordable means of transportation for all people, which brought more and more settlers westward. Oscar Winther relates that â€Å"the building of these western railroads had been in a very real sense frontier enterprises; they were, by and large, gigantic thrusts into and across the heretofore unsettled domain† (Winther 116). It was, in fact, the railroads that led to the ultimate expansion of the American frontier.