The Focus on Cultural Competency in the Social Work Profession Essay

The contract of social work practice can be best described as a pendulum, with major theoretical shifts occurring in accordance with, among umteen things, social climate, funding, and federal and state legislation. Thus, incorporating concepts of heathenish competency into the clinical setting has been an evolutionary process. The focus on cultural competency in the social work profession has developed from a trend, to what is now regarded as an academic knowledge base and lord standard (Bridge, Massie & Mills, 2008). The nineties marked a shift towards multicultural and cultural diversity competency, it is still a fairly novel concept.. In many instances discussions on cultural competency have been broached by non-social work professionals and in terms of multicultural therapy and counseling (Lu, Lum & Chen, 2001). With the client population becoming a more expansive group in terms of socioeconomic level, race, gender identification, and sexual orientation, it is imperative that clinicians engaged in cross-cultural work conduct on-going self-inventories, and be involved in collaborative discussions with their agency in regards to cultural competency. The following paper will be a perspective on my excogitation of cultural competency as a clinical social worker in an agency setting.McPhatter (1997) defines cultural competency as the ability to bring cultural awareness and understanding into health and/or psychosocial interventions that support and sustain healthy client-system functioning within the appropriate cultural context (pg.261). Akin to many of my peers, I am inclined to envision myself upon graduation as a self-aware, knowledgeable, enthusiastic clinician capable of servicing all kinds of clients without prejudices... ...ural contexts, it is crucial that cultural competency garners attention from twain the clinician, and agency. The ongoing work involved in this journey is emotionally demanding, and I find it incredibly helpful to revisit the very reason why I choose this profession. As Elizabeth J. Clarke, Executive Director of the National Association of Social Workers so eloquently states, We are holders of hope for our clients, our communities, and our society. social work is the expiry best profession (pg.11). Given that, it is critical that as social workers we remember that although discussing societal constructs, such as, racism, classism, sexism, and homophobia in the therapeutic relationship can be remarkably challenging, by engaging in such conversations you are combating the power that these constructs possess in your life, your clients and the global society at large.

Free Huckleberry Finn Essays: From Conformity to Manhood :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

From Conformity to Manhood In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck is the narrator. The character of Huck Finn was actually different than the society that he was born into. Mr. bridge economic consumptions Hucks open mindedness as a window to let humor and the books points and morals shine through. Huck always takes things very literally. This not only adds to the humor of the book, but it also lets some of the books deeper messages come through. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, traces the story of a young man, Huck Finn, from conformity to the Southern way of thinking, to his make ideas about religion, wealth and slavery. In the first scenes of the book Huck is struggling to understand the concepts of missy Watsons heaven and hell. He finds her harp strumming view of heaven ho-hum and he wants to be in an exciting place. When Miss Watson tells Huck that he will get anything he prays for, he takes it very literally and decides to pray for seek line, which he gets. Bu t praying for fishing hooks didnt seem to work, when he asks her to pray for him to get some fishing hooks she calls him an idiot. These are both gentle pokes at southern religion. Christianity practiced a people so very pious, like Miss Watson, who can still treat their human slaves like property. This is an ongoing foundation in the book. Twain points out some of the absurd incongruences between Christianity and the lifestyle of most of the south. Huck has not conformed to societies general way of thinking. When he is with the widow and Miss Watson, he begins to change, but Pap steals him away and he reverts back to a much more practical lifestyle. Huck places very little value on the large sum of money that he has in the bank, while he finds smaller sums more important. Six thousand dollars was a fortune in the quantify that the book was written, but Huck, unlike the rest of his society wasnt impressed by it. This is again because of his literal mindedness. What could he use s ix thousand dollars for? He could use ten cents to buy some food, or five cents to buy some fishing line, but he had no use for huge sums of money. Society stage value on wealth and property and book learning.

Writing of James Baldwin Essay -- Notes of a Native Son

The Writing Wisdom of James Baldwin James Baldwin is not known by much of Americas youthfulness today, and his writings are not taught in many schools. His style of writing, however, is ultimately unique. Baldwins African-American viewpoint is very rare, creating a fresh way to sprightliness upon American culture and ethnicity. There in like manner may be no early(a) author like Baldwin that blends narrative and analysis seamlessly, while still guardianship the reader interested in the story at hand. In Notes of a Native Son, Baldwin uses this weaving of narration and analysis to show his inability to see how his scrams personality had impacted and molded his own personality. In Notes of a Native Son, Baldwins mastery of weaving narrative and analysis is blatantly obvious. The stick in behind the quiz is the relationship between Baldwin and his father. The canvas takes the reader through trials and tribulations in Baldwins life, including the spat s between him and his father. Their relationship was, safe to say, slightly aloof. Baldwin describes throughout the essay the fact that he and his father would rarely speak, and that when they did, it usually ended in an argument. The essay also paints a picture of Harlem in the 1940s, specifically during the massive riots of 1943. Baldwin describes other riots and social situations that were occurring around the rest of the country at the same time as the Harlem riots. The essay also describes the death of Baldwins father, and the feelings incurred by James and his family. Baldwin also does some reflection in this essay, describing his feelings towards his father and how they have changed over more than a decade since his death. Baldwin often uses his feelings towards ... ...The style at which Baldwin mixes true story with gut-wrenching emotion in Notes of a Native Son is absolutely astounding. He draws the reader into the story, and then lets them in to his heart and soul . His ability to incorporate his feelings with those of the African-American race is what makes this essay unique. He does not simply write the first half of the paper as a narrative, and then spend the final half analyzing himself. He analyzes himself at every opportunity that he sees fit, after every major occurrence in he and his fathers life. Baldwins blunt, perhaps even unrefined analysis of himself, his father, and both the white and black races shows that he is not afraid of what others think.Works CitedBaldwin, James. Notes of a Native Son. 1955. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston Essay -- essays resea

The tidings, Farewell to Manzanar was the story of a young Japanese girlfriend coming of age in the sepulcher camp located in Owens Valley, California. Less than two months after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt signed an administrator Order, which stated that the War Department had the ripe(p) to declare which people were a threat to the country, and move them wherever they so pleased. Since the West Coast had a large number of Japanese immigrants at the time, the Executive Order was basically an act that authorized the government to remove Japanese residing on the West Coast away from their homes and put them in these interment camps. As harsh as it may sound, the interment camps were nonhing like the infamous Nazi interment camps of World War II. Manzanar residents enjoyed relatively comfortable living conditions, and lived pretty comfortable lives as compared to those of German interment camps. However, it was still rough, as many families were separa ted and emotional scars lingered long after the experience. Farewell to Manzanar is the story of one girl making the difficult transition to womanhood, at a difficult time, and at a difficult location. Two of the main life lessons that Jeannie learned during her stay at Manzanar dealt with the issues of her identity as an American against her Japanese heritage, and also with her treatment in school.During her time at Manzanar, Jeannie was surrounded by almost exclusively Japanese people, and did not have much exposure to Caucasians, or people of other races. Therefore, she did not know what to truly expect when she went out into the school world outside of Manzanar. She had have some schooling while in Manzanar however, the American schools were drastically different from the schools inside of Manzanar. While inside Manzanar, Jeannie learned more skills in the fine arts, such(prenominal) as baton twirling, and ballet. Though hard subjects were taught, Jeannie didnt mention them as much as she did about the baton twirling, ballet, and Catechesis. The schools at Manzanar were not much until the imprimatur year. The first year, volunteers taught the schools, and resources were pretty scarce. However, in the second year, teachers were hired, and the number of available supplies increased. One key thing that Jeannie remembers about her Manzanar schooling was her participation in the yearbook, and also with the ... ...he situation that she was pretending to be of a culture which she did not belong to. She was dressed as an American, acting as an American, even though she was of Japanese descent. Under public address systems orders, she signed up for odori class, however, she performed terribly and was basically kicked out of class by the instructor. Jeannie Wakatsuki lived a very diverse life, as she was subjected to both life inside of an interment camp and American high school. Attending American high school was a character shaping experience, and even more s o for psyche of a minority race or gender. The experience lets them know where their race stands among others, and if they will be completely accepted in the outside world. unluckily for Jeannie, she was not totally accepted by others throughout her life, and that left psychological scars on her. However, she came out of these experiences a better and more well rounded person, so they were not totally negative for her. A note of interest is that she ended up marrying a non-Japanese person, possibly due to her growing up and maturing around non-Japanese. The book Farewell to Manzanar fully illustrates her thoughts and feelings throughout this process.

Excessive Dependence on Homework in American Schools Essays -- Teachin

Excessive Dependence on Homework in American SchoolsI didnt feel stressed until I was in my 30s. It hurts my feelings that my daughter feels that way at eleven (Ratnesar 313). This statement describes the intense issue facing the American Education System today. More and more students ar spending a lot of out of school time on enormous amounts of homework. The overabundance of homework is putting pressure on the students, along with their parents. Our province has steadily focused on after school studying to the point of possible exhaustion. In this paper, I will attempt to explain how educators are relying on homework as the major form of training, and how the amounts are too demanding on the students. The emphasis on homework has slowly escalated since the launch of Sputnik in the 1950s (Ratnesar 313). Sputnik was a Russian satellite sent into outer space in 1957. The Russians, not Americans, were the first nation to send a satellite into orbit. This caused a nationwide frenzy. law-makers were inclined to focus on math and science because of the threat of soviet soviet wiz kids (Ratnesar 313). As the 1970s approached homework declined once again, but in short we emphasized it to its highest level of importance. According to research done by the University of Michigan, elementary school students in 1981 spent forty-four minutes a week on homework. Sixteen years later 9-12 year olds had an increase of almost two more hours a week (Ratnesar 313). A 1983 government report, A Nation at Risk, caught the attention of the American Education System. The article explained the failings of the American school. It explained how education is declining, and teachers get to get tough on their students again. This prompted... ...ould be a sufficient amount, increasing 10 minutes each year, beginning in the first grade (Cooper 317). After studying the issue of homework, and the teachers influence upon it, Ive come to suck in homework may be overused in todays educationa l system. I feel teachers are depending too much on outside education and not enough on in-class learning. Also, I believe the United States Government needs to develop a homework standard. Educators in general need to come together and encourage students to learn in the classroom, and spend less time out of school doing countless hours of busy work. Teachers must look at the best interests of the students and base learning on communication in the classroom. Works CitedConsidine, Jeana The Homework Ate My FamilyCooper, Harris The Homework Ate My FamilyRatnesar, Romesh The Homework Ate My Family

John Edwards Biography Essay -- Politics President Edwards Essays Pap

sewer Edwards Biography M any Americans recognize John Edwards as the second coming of prize Carter the soft-spoken Democratic Senator from the south. They know him as the running mate of John Kerry in his 2004 Presidential campaign. But before the North Carolina Senator entertained aspirations of President or Vice-President of the United States, John Edwards made a name for himself as a successful trial rightyer, a strong husband and father, and charismatic politician.Born in Seneca, South Carolina on June 10th 1953, Johnny Reid Edwards was raised a Methodist and learned the values of hard work and perseverance from his father, Wallace and mother, Bobbie, while growing up in Robbins, North Carolina. Working alongside his father in the textile mill, John was taught that all Americans should be treated equally and that the voice of every composition and woman in the United States should be heard. He grew up without the benefit of a private naturalise education, something of which Edwards is, to this day, extremely proud. He was the first of his family to go to college. John attended North Carolina State University, where he graduated Magna Cum Laude in 1974 with a BS in textile technology, an impressive accomplishment by any standard. But given the values of hard work and perseverance learned by his parents, John Edwards did not quit his schooling after a BS from NC State. He continued on to the University of North Carolina (at Chapel Hill) where he graduated their law program Cum Laude in 1977. While attending law school at UNC, he met his wife, Elizabeth Anania, whom he married in 1977. John Edwards dedicated his professional life to helping those who couldnt help themselves. Following his graduation from law school, John Edwards spent a year clerking for the office of Judge Franklin Dupree, Jr. of the United States District Court (Eastern District). In 1978, he accepted an follower position working for the firm of Dearborn and Ewing, where he practiced law for three years. He jumped ship to work for another firm, Tharrington, Smith and Hargrove, a position he held for two years before being promoted to partner at that firm. He continued as a partner at Tharrington, Smith and Hargrove until 1992, when he remaining to start his own law practice with fellow lawyer, David Kirby. Edwards and Kirby practiced together for five years, until Edwards decided to try his h... ...inly not out, having overcome before. He and his wife, Elizabeth, have struggled with the going of a child, Wade (their eldest), in 1996 from a car accident. He was also survived by a younger sister, Cate, a recent Princeton grad. After Wades death, John and Elizabeth decided to conceive children again, giving birth to Emma Claire and Jack. And while the tragedy of losing a child cannot be confused with the misfortune of losing an election, the will, courage and perseverance to continue, essential to overcome is present in John Edwards. It is unlikely that American voters have seen the last of the gentleman from North Carolina. I suspect we could see him again in 2008. But just in case we dont, it cant hurt to have a lawyer of his caliber working for the Democrats to amend the record so that Bill Clinton can run again.Works Citedhttp//www.johnedwards2004.com/john_edwards.asphttp//www.vote-smart.org/bio.php?can_id=CNC68243http//www2.gwu.edu/action/2004/edwards/edwards.htmlhttp//www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/03/02/elec04.prez.main/index.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edwardshttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3326255.stm

Rejuvenating a Mature Business

The last two decades has seen a revolution in steering be theory and practice due to the ch exclusivelyenges of the competitive environment in the 1980s. Kaplan and Johnson (1987) identified the failings and obsolescence of existing greet and work measurement systems which led to re-examination of traditional cost accounting and management control systems. Conventional fiscal and management accounting methods see developed primarily as a result of corporate legislation in the 1930s forcing companies to provide extern each(prenominal)y published pecuniary accounts. counsel accounting is primarily foc partd as a decision making tool for running a line of reasoning, hence they require much flexibility. According to Kaplan management accounts submit gravel a subset of financial accounts and that they reflect more on the external rather than immanent requirements of the comp whatsoever. Most of the managerial decision-making and control systems in use in the late 1980s were de scribed by Johnson and Kaplan as stagnant.As a result, they went onto research in smart accounting systems raising the profile of internal accounting systems by use of financial and non-financial measures although their work was seen as controversial by Drury but is now considered of key importance to manufacturing industries aiming to become world class. This establish aims to discuss the ways in which new management accounting techniques can bring life into mature businesses, in particular those apply non-financial measures.Most companies motionlessness use the same cost accounting and management control systems that were developed decades ago in a competitive environment drastically different from today. These systems baffle major drawbacks described belowThey distort product cost i.e. absorption of production overheads into product cost for the purpose of stock valuation. The external financial reportage process was purely driving this allocation of overheads for stock valu ation.They do not produce the key non-financial data required for effective and efficient operations, hence they argon of little help to operating managers seeking to reduce costs and improve productivity.The data produced reflected on external reporting requirements far more than the reality of the new manufacturing environment.Failure to provide ideal product costs as they were distributed by simplistic and arbitrary measures usually direct labour establish.The short term remuneration pressures led to a decline in long term investment.These poorly designed or outdated systems can distort the realities of manufacturing exploit. As companies become more efficient by using new technologies, labour costs are accounting for a smaller proportion of a companys general cost, hence the allocation of overheads to labour hours will become irrelevant and counter-productive to the companys operations.The most enduring management accounting innovation was the return on investment (ROI) meas ure which provided an overall measure of the financial death penalty of each operating units or the entire company. The ROI, initially developed by Du Pont and General galvanic in the early 20th century, came about due to the excessive focus on achieving short-term financial performance. As ROI control was introduced, managers aimed to achieve good performance by making operating and investment decisions on developing new and better products/processes, increasing sales and reducing operating costs.But it later became bare that during hard times, when sales were decreasing and operating costs were increasing, ROI targets could still be achieved through financial entrepreneurship by reducing discretionary expenses and exploiting accounting conventions. The creation of wealth through these activities will not help companies survive as world-class competitors.Problems of ROI are only surfacing now because ofthe difference in size of organisations, changes in the competitive environme nt and the rapid movement of technologyless pressure for short-term financial performance in the last two decades authentic managers confirm little knowledge of their organisations technology hence they rely on creating value through accounting activitiesCooper and Kaplan introduce the Activity establish Costing ( alphabet) systems for manufacturing expenses as a replacement for traditional cost allocation systems. ABC is an internal accounting system designed to track overheads to cost units. ABC attempts to track overhead costs to units as accurately as possible hence the concept of the cost driver is essential to this system. A cost driver is a unit measure of a particular overhead that can be assigned to a user of that overhead.For example, in attempting to allocate administration overheads to products, the cost driver may be the number of invoices generated for that product. Hence the product generating most invoices will acquire the largest share of the administration overhe ad. There does not have to be one driver per overhead. There can be more drivers per overhead if they are relevant to the organisation. The ABC model is shown belowA more accurate means of allocating overheads means that product costs can now be more accurately assessed. ABC analysis allows companies to discover profitable products that have not been properly exploited because the correct costs had not been appreciated. If unit costs are based on budgeted energy rather than actual, ABC highlights excess capacity because only consumed capacity is allocated via cost drivers. Hence there is a now a measure of excess capacity. This takes away the focus of meeting budgets at all costs and instead focuses on unbroken improvement.Product costing is not the only use of ABC. By finding appropriate drivers and cost units, overheads can be assigned to anything that uses them. This allows sales and marketing costs to be assigned both to the products and customers. Traditional systems do not t ake into account costs generated by customers. For organisations interested with customer focus, ABC will give valuable insights into customer behaviour. The other benefits of using ABC are its focus on continuous improvement, its measurement of activities at the process level, its provision of accurate cost data including those generated by the customers, and it is geared for the medium term (3-5 years).An extension of ABC is Activity Based Management (ABM), where using the cost drivers, a deeper understanding of the process is enabled. By measuring activity and costs, ABM has a system to monitor continuous improvement and manages a business from a process perspective rather than a departmental one. Therefore it can make decisions based on accurate process level information.A greater understanding of factors critical to the success of manufacturing organisations is needed. Accounting researchers can play a critical role in this effort by attempting to develop non-financial measures of manufacturing performance like pure tone, productivity, inventory innovation and workforce . A particular challenge is to de-emphasise focus on short-term financial measures and develop indicators that are more consistent with long-term competitiveness and profitability. The challenge of improving a firms manufacturing performance is particularly relevant to managerial accountants as they are hypothetical to provide information for planning and decision making. Therefore, measurement systems for todays manufacturing operations must consider the following non-financial indicators of manufacturing performanceQuality is emerging as perhaps the most important factor if companies are trying to excel as world-class competitors. U.S. firms typically inspect quality into products whereas Japanese manufacturing is dedicated to eliminating all product defects. Quality is planned and thought into the product at all stages of manufacture including design and supplier specifications. Furth er commitment is required in prepare employees, maintenance of equipment and integrating with suppliers. With this embedded into the processes the goal of achieving zero defects can be achieved. Executives claim that manufacturing costs decrease as quality increases thus a continuous drive to reduce product defects will enhance the long run productivity of the production process .Managers tend to use the economic order total (EOQ) model which helps in determining the cost balance between an additional set-up (for a new production run or change of product) to the cost of attribute inventory. If set-up costs could be driven to zero and by just-in-time inventory control systems implementation firms would hold less inventory and raw materials. These would result to lesser costs in holding material that has no value being added to it.In addition, reducing uncertainties in deliveries from suppliers through close co-ordination can enable factories to run without any raw materials in sto ck. Reducing machine breakdowns also contributes significantly toward reducing work-in-process (WIP). Thus by investing in information systems and integrating with suppliers, inventory costs can be reduced significantly and accurate information on the companys manufacturing performance can be obtained.Productivity measures for manufacturing performance have not yet been considered as part of the information that will help managers in decision making and control activities. These measures should be a supplement to financial measures that highlight improvements. Developing new productivity measures would thus be a fruitful field for accountants.There are companies present whose competitive strategy is based on the introduction of new products with unique characteristics, rather than producing mature products with lower costs. These companies will only succeed if their products are introduced at the right time and have features that are desired by their customers. Companies that are fo rced to produce these products on existing line, due to lack of space, will have to directly monitor the performance, quality and delivery and disregard traditional measurements which put an emphasis on efficiency.The attitudes, skills and morale of employees are important if companies are to succeed in achieving their goals. Investing in skills training, conducting surveys of employee attitudes etc by human resources are all critical if employees are to share company goals.It is clear from the above indicators of manufacturing performance that non-financial measures are essential in rejuvenating mature businesses to become world-class. Executives are also aware that traditional accounting measures like ROI can give misleading information on continuous improvement and innovation which current competitive environments demand. Managers want a balanced presentation of both financial and operational measures which led Kaplan and Norton to devise a balanced scorecard that incorporated bo th such measurements. The scorecard aids the building of a comprehensive picture of the companys health and effectiveness in achieving its goals.The balanced scorecard includes financial measures that produces results on actions already taken and is complemented by operational measures on customer satisfaction, internal business processes, innovation and learning activities. It is these operational measures that will fuel the performance of future financial measures. The balanced scorecard yields several benefits, including the ability to bridge the gap between objectives of high level executives and those of front-line workers whose performance is ultimately responsible for reach the companys goals. Rather than focusing on short-term financial results, which can blind management to internal efficiency and lead to continued tax income losses, chief executives can benefit by using the balanced scorecard as a strategic management system for translating strategy into action at all lev els of the enterprise.

Main Causes of the US Automobile Industry Crisis Essay

Recent happenings in the US automobile industry point to an industry that is steeped in a crisis of monumental proportions, one that it has never had the misfortune of staring at since the advent of the automobile as we know it today. Sales at the Big Three get companies ( cut across, GM, and Chrysler) convey touched historic lows, not only pushing industry profitability levels down with them, but also triggering off a rare spectacle characterised by all the largest American elevator carmakers bleeding in red ink. Writing for one of the premier automotive media, Krebbs and Visnic (2009) adduce data fresh from the oven that point to as much.harmonize to Krebbs and Visnic (2009), the American industry posted the lowest levels of gross revenue in sixteen years in the year just past. While GM witnessed a dusk in gross sales of 23%, Ford saw its sales revenues shrink by a massive 20%, and Chrysler posted sales that were 30% trim than the previous year. Other automakers in the count ry such as Hyundai, Toyota, and Nissan did not fare any better. On average, the industry shed off some 3 million units in lost sales, which translates into a contraction of 18%.With such massive declines in sales, the Big Three have become deeply steeped in debt, and are staring bankruptcy right in the face in spite of the massive bail extinct packages tailored for the industry by the Obama administration. As a turn upcome of fact, GM (which is the largest of the Big Three) and Chrysler have already filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. As the Wall Street Journal (2009, p.A1) points off, GM went under in June under a massive debt of $172 billion (against assets of only $82 billion) in what has been described as the second largest industrial bankruptcy filing in the US. After 84 years, the impression of American industry had its name struck off the Dow Jones, hot in the heels of Chrysler which had filed for bankruptcy just months earlier.It is not just dwindling sales and p rofitability that have afflicted the common chord largest American carmakers, they have also been steadily losing market shares and tripicularly to their more fleet-footed Asian rivals who include Toyota, Nissan Honda, and Hyundai. For example, GM, Chrysler and Ford had market shares of 23.8%, 12.9% and 15.5% respectively in 2007, which fell to 22.6%, 11% and 15.1% respectively in 2008.In contrast, the market shares of Honda, Nissan and Toyota increased from 9.7%, 6.6% and 16.3% respectively to 10.8%, 7.2% and 16.8% respectively over the same period. This is an indication that the US carmakers are losing out to opposite foreign carmakers (Krebbs and Visnic, 2009).Various factors have been cited as being behind the poor performance of the US automobile industry, but there are three main reasons that stand out. These include the meltdown in the US rescue that was largely triggered off by the sub prime mortgage crisis, the failure by American carmakers to respond adaptively to the dictates of the external environment, and a poor line model characterized by factors such as huge legacy prices.Economic meltdown one and only(a) of the major causes of the declining fortunes of the US auto industry is the meltdown of the US economy which is mainly attributed to the sub prime mortgage crisis. The sub prime mortgage crisis occurred when banks and other financial institutions made out loans for the purchase of homes to a segment of the market that is considered risky due to its poor credit history and low ability to reward given their low income levels (this segment of the market is what is referred to as the sub prime segment).These loans were made out at the height of the boom in the real demesne industry with expectations being that the boom in the industry would continue and that the buyers of the homes given the mortgages would be able to refinance their homes and pay back the loans. With the unexpected and sudden bristle of the real estate bubble however, t he sub prime borrowers were unable to refinance their homes due to plummeting values of real estate, leading to huge defaults that triggered off massive foreclosures never before witnessed in US history (Zeese, 2008 Rasmus, 2008).This caused banks and financial institutions to write off billions of dollars in bad debts, leading to a huge liquidity crisis and credit crush that hit the economy and caused the current recessionary conditions being witnessed in the US and in much of the world. It also brought about a sharp and dramatic spike out in unemployment rates which have affected demand for cars.The economic crisis has had the effect of drying up credit, which has made many potential car buyers unable to access car loans, a factor that has in turn triggered a massive decline in the demand for cars. Additionally, car makers have been unable to access debt finance for enthronisation and working capital requirements, which has also impacted them negatively (Zeese, 2008 Rasmus, 200 8 Borade, 2009).Failure to adapt to the external environmentFirms operate in an external environment in which its trading operations are affected either positively or negatively by political-legal, economic, socio-cultural, and technological forces. The role of the company therefore is to scan the external environment for opportunities or threats which these forces may present, and to implement strategies that will help the organization to either capitalize on the opportunities or avoid the threats (Saloner, Shepard, and Podolny, 2008). The troubles afflicting the US automobile stem in part on the failure of the US carmakers to assess changes in their external environment and to respond adaptively.Over much of 2008, oil prices soared at one tine time signature all-time highs of $147 per barrel. The rise in oil prices triggered a corresponding rise in gasoline prices (to a high of $4 a gallon), which pushed the commodity out of reach for many Americans, and especially those with la rge fuel guzzling vehicles such as trucks (e.g. GMs hugely popular Hummer) (Krebbs and Visnic, 2009 Zeese, 2008).Concomitant with the rise in the price of oil and gasoline has been an increasing consciousness towards the need for environmental protection, which has caused the rising popularity of cars that have higher fuel efficiency. These two factors contributed a great cross in shifting consumers tastes and preferences away from large fuel-guzzling cars such as trucks towards smaller more fuel efficient models. Unlike Asian car makers which recognized these trends and travel towards the manufacture of small models and green vehicles, all the Big Three firms continues producing large fuel guzzling cars such as SUVs (Zeese, 2008).The result of this is that SUV and truck sales plummeted, hitting hard the revenues and bottom lines of the American firms, as consumers shifted their purchases to the smaller models manufactured by the Asian carmakers. Krebbs and Visnic (2009) write that as a result of these trends, car sales surpassed those of trucks in 2008, the first time that has ever happened since 2000. An example of how hard SUV and large vehicle sales were affected as a result of these trends is given by the case of GM and its Hummer brand, which Hummer, which suffered the biggest decline of all GMs brands with sales plummeting 51 percent its lowest sales level since 2002 (Krebbs and Visnic, 2009, p.2).Poor business modelThe third factor that has contributed to the dramatic decline of the US auto industrys fortunes is the fact that the industry has a poor business model. The US automobile industry is unique among all car industries worldwide due to the fact that it is saddled with huge and unbearable healthcare costs which produces one of the highest cost structures that makes American made cars uncompetitive against Asian made cars, for example (Zeese, 2008).According to Zeese (2008), failure by successive US administrations to reform the countrys healt hcare system has resulted in car manufacturers paying healthcare costs for their employees to the tune of billions of dollars. Zeese (2008, p.1) writes that It would not be unfair to describe General Motors as a health insurance provider who happens to make cars. GM spends $5 billion annually on health care for 1.2 million people only 150,000 of whom work for the company. GM, Ford and Chrysler have a combined unfunded retiree health care obligation of more than $90 billion. Health care adds $1,500 to the cost of each vehicle.With the American carmakers saddled by such huge costs, it is little wonder that their products are uncompetitive when compared to cars made by foreign manufacturers such as Toyota (which has one of the just about admired lean manufacturing systems that keeps costs very low).ConclusionThe US automobile industry is in a big crisis. Other than declining sales and profitability, the industry is losing out to foreign car makers and particularly Asian rivals such a s Toyota, Honda and Nissan. This has been brought about by three main reasons, which include the meltdown in the US economy triggered off by the sub prime mortgage crisis, a poor business model adopted by the industry, and failure by the US car industry to respond adaptively to changing environmental conditions.ReferencesBorade, G. 2009. US economic crisis impact on automobile industry. Retrieved on 11 July 2009 from http//www.buzzle.com/articles/us-economic-crisis-impact-on-automobile-industry.htmlKing, N and Terlep, S. 2009, June 2. GM Collapses into Governments Arms. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 11 July 2009 from http//online.wsj.com/article/SB124385428627671889.html

International Business Climate Essay

1.0 IntroductionBusiness humor refers to the scotch environment in universal which depicts how businesses and business activities be supported by the government as well as the lending institutions. Business climate is also a reflection of the military capability of the labor unions toward inflation rates, taxation rates, employers and other issues which affect business activities in a given region or country. Switzerland ranks the most attractive country in terms of having the most conducive world(prenominal) business climate which has attracted tremendous coronations and highly skilled labor from all over the globe. The country enjoys a practiced and stable working environment and most small and medium enterprises be located in the Greater Geneva Berne area (GGBa) which has an excellent international business track record (ggba-switzerland.ch, n.d).Switzerland experienced one of the weakest economies in the Western atomic number 63 in the 1990s during which the annual GDP growth averaged 0% amidst the years 1991 and 1997. A gradual economic growth was witnessed in the beginning of late 1997 and it reached a peak in 2000 with a GDP of 3%. amidst 2001 and 2003, the economic growth slowed down but began to grow at 2.5% per annum since the year 2004 until the latest global economic crises which have had a great impact on its economic growth (state.gov, 2010). Being at the heart of Europe, Switzerland is a hub for the crucial communication systems which are indispensable in the industrial Europe. Therefore, the expansive modern and rock-steady infrastructure encompassing the country facilitates an extremely high number of international and local business activities. The ingenuous international business climate of the country has been influenced by several factors which entails economic, cultural, healthy, and governmental issues. It is therefore the objective of this paper to discuss these issues with reference to Switzerland as a country.2.0 Economi c ClimateTrade is the backbone of Switzerlands favourable preservation which has do its per capita income be among the highest globally. International climate highly favors the export markets upon which the country depends for generating enormous income while at the same time facilitating the imports of raw materials which are essential for the expansion of the range of goods and services available in the economy. Economic climate is also made better by the liberal trade and investment policies which has attracted many investors in addition to the well defined commercial law and well developed legal system. Switzerland is a member of several international economic organizations including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and The World Bank (state.gov, 2010).Important sectors of the economy include tourism, engineering, banking and indemnification which have a heavy influence in the economic policies of the country. The existing trading companies enjoy unique expertise from Far East, Africa, Middle East and easterly Europe. The highly developed tourism industry gives the countrys market the opportunity to trade in services and equipment related to tourism. The export industry provides the economy with about half of the countrys corporate earnings with the largest trading partner being the European Union. The trade and economic barriers between Switzerland and the EU are minimal hence facilitating more business activities. The U.S is a major export destination of products from Switzerland and also a major source of imports of raw materials for the country. U.S is the second-largest importer of Swiss goods subsequently Germany and also is the largest foreign investor in Switzerland (state.gov, 2010).3.0 Legal ClimateThe business regulatory system in Switzerland is highly transparent and regulations affecting the activities of both local and international invest ors are applied with no discrimination. Previously, cartels were common in the economy whereby companies in various industrial and service sectors through industrial and trade associations organized themselves into steep and horizontal cartels. The new law governing the formation of cartels ensures that such cartels do no harm to the society and the economy. The adoption of this law which includes the authority to stop anti-competitive bearing without prior warning has facilitated an extra GDP growth of 0.5-0.8% per annum following the reduction of harmful cartels (Dimireva, 2010). The legal system governing international and local business activities has propagated an effectual capital markets and portfolio investment.One of the largest markets for foreign borrowers is the Swiss franc dominated foreign bond market and generally there are no restrictions on the sale or purchase of foreign equities and currencies. Forward transactions between Swiss nationals and foreigners can be carried out at the prevailing market rates. The liberal market of Switzerland is protect from being misused as a platform for criminal activity and money laundering by regulations which serve to adjust particular aspects of portfolio investment. A good example is the signing of OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in 1997 which started operating in 2000 (Dimireva, 2010). The good legal and policy framework of Switzerland has excelled in combating corruption which if unchecked can adversely impact the international business climate. Following implementatation of laws deterring corruption, for instance the U.S firms which have invested in Switzerland have not issued any complaints about cases of corruption. There are highly effective investigative and enforcement mechanisms which deals with any domestic corruption and this has attracted more international investors who have developed confidence in the Swiss economy.4.0 Political ClimateThe Swiss political system is highly stable and effecti ve since both the county and state government bodies possess high levels opf control. The system has been structured in such a style that all the rural and urban areas of the country have access to government officials for requests or essential information. A referendum which requires a popular one million signatures is lavish to give people the power to demand certain changes concerning business practice, the established law or the environment. One of the main contributors to the countrys political perceptual constancy is the stability existing within different institutions.The Swiss National Bank for instance is a highly steadfast finanacial institution which has strengthened and stabilised the Swiss Franc. Political stability is further stabilised by the fact that Switzerland is a representative democracy in which the major governing body is the Federal Council made up of seven persons. The government is considered to be trustworthy and honest by the populace (mkeever.com, n.d ).5.0 Cultural ClimateInternational business climate in Switzerland is greatly influenced by the etiquette and cultural expectations in the Swiss professional environment. In order to develop productive working relationships and successful business strategies, it is a preriquisite to understand and reckon the various aspects of Swiss culture. The country offers Communicaids Doing Business cultural awareness courses to enhance the creation of fruitful business relationships between foreign business professionals and the Swiss clients partners and colleagues (Guliyev, 2007). Such courses are essential in ensuring competitive advantage which offers foreign business people with the ideal opportunity to comfortably do business in the country. In addition, there are a wide range of cultural and leisure activioties which has further facilitated the progress of the country in doing intyernational business. The ideal cultural climate has prompted a large number of sports lovers, business tr avellers and nature enthusiasist to visit the country all year round which has elevated international business relations a notch higher.6.0 ConclusionThe creation of an enabling international business climate is a collective task of various institutions and aspects of the society. These aspects must comprehensively address cultural, political, economic, and legal situations of the particular country which is willing to create a conducive business environment. Switzerland is a good example of a country in the heart of Europe which has embarked in creating such an environment which consequently has attracted huge investments. The creation of an excellent international business climate may not be as challenging as sustaining it and therefore firm political, legal, cultural and economic strategies are indispensable in achieving it.

Diversity in classroom

My first field experiment was very necessity for me to observe the ways of a successful teacher. It contributed to me learning how to deal with diversity, schoolroom control, and accommodation for different learning styles. In my field experiment, I foc utilise on diversity and how it plays a abundant part in how the learners interact and learn within the classroom. Diversity simply put, is to have variety or differences inside of a group. Diversity in the classroom may include exceptionalities, culture, language, learning style and gender.Different types of diversities in a classroom can if not recognized, and accommodated for hinder the learning nvironment. As a successful teacher, it is necessary to demonstrate an understanding for diversity and to have the goal of accommodating for all students. I observed Dr. Andrew Bensons english classes to see what role diversity played in classroom setting. As the students entered the classroom no student seemed to stand out from the nex t student. Gender was the first sign of diversity I noticed in the students.They sat in a group setting and I noticed the males sat together and the females did the same. Dr. Benson did a great Job of using the entire part of the room while teaching his students. He continued to walk around to each table interacting with each group of students which I noticed kept there attention. The objective of this class was to learn abbreviations. Classroom participation was key to this class period. Students were attached the chance to express there thoughts which motivated them to understand the objective. This class used a heterogeneous type teaching mode.All student from different backgrounds, gender, ethnicity, and culture learned together in a mutually beneficial environment. One modelling I saw of accommodation was when a student who had bad eye siht was allowed to come tand in front the class and work the problem on the board. This was an awesome method because it allowed the stud ent to participate in what the other students were learning while making him feel special and not weird. The student flourished because the attention was not given to the exceptionality but instead, toward the question the student answered on the board.Dr. Benson did a great Job of showing empathetic acceptance to each student which allowed for open discussions without students feeling embarrass or shy. When I spoke to Dr. Benson he informed me that the only diversity that may hinder the student in his classroom was gender. He mentioned that students tended to get put off from cosmos around the opposite sex. The way he controlled this was to have the girls sit together and have the boys sit together. I saw nothing wrong with this method because the students seemed to feel golden in their areas.I spoke to Dr. Benson on how he promoted positive social interaction between student and he mentioned that he kept an nimbus of fun and he tried his best to keep the students busy. Even w hen the classroom seemed to me as loud and unfocused, Dr. Benson stayed in control and realized that the classroom volumes will hesitate within the period. When he needed them to quiet down he Just raised his hand and gained the attention of the students. Dr. Bensons class seemed to flourish with the blooms taxonomy learning method.I noticed how he took them from the first level of dealledge down to evaluation in the subjugate ot grammar. He allowed them to see now grammar changes the meaning ot a sentence, which gave it value in the eyeball of he students. Some students needed much assistance than others but that was okay because that Just means the student need more individual attention. The students who understood the clobber a little better ere given a chance to go ahead so that while Dr. Benson worked with other students so that theses students were not held up.I noticed that slightly three students began to get frustrated when they could not grasp the same understanding the other student did. I watched as Dr. Benson encouraged them by creating a more intimate learning environment by sitting close to the student while he/she attempted to understand the material. I could barely hear what was being said but body language showed that the student was frustrated and that Dr. Benson understood why and how to help accommodate the student. Once he took time with one student e allowed them to continue on their own, while he moved to the next student.Some good dispositions that I noticed Dr. Benson had were humility, confidence, patients, and openness. These dispositions served as a way to make the students comfortable with the diversity in the classroom. No student felt out of place and I believed it was because they felt accepted and not Judged. They were taught when they got something wrong and rewarded with cookies when they were correct. One thing I appreciated was how in on part of the class the students were given the chance to correct their peer clas s work which according to Dr. Benson helped them retain the information better.The contour text supports the assumption that all students can learn. I agree completely with the text and know that it is important that students have the opportunity to learn in a way that best fit them. Teachers that have one way of teaching tend to neglect the students that dont flourish in that particular style. Also I know that dispositions of the teacher can either encourage student learning or hinder it. Students tend to do better in subjects they enjoy and enjoy the subject if they are attracted to the disposition of that teacher of the subject.

Hamlet Questions and answers Essay

1.11. What happens when Francisco and Bernardo meet at the posening of 1.1? Where argon we, and when? Why is there confusion all over which one is supposed to challenge the early(a) by postulation Whos there? Why is Horatio with Bernardo and Marcellus? Who is he?They axiom something strange, we are at Denmark. He is asking whos there? It is because hes not sure what is there by judging the shadow he saw and it is at night make the visibility becomes very low as well. Horatio was with Bernardo and Marcellus because they have both seen the ghost of poof critical point, and Horatio has come to help them determine the origin of the ghost.2. What is Horatios initial reception to the story of the apparition? What happens when the ghost appears for the first fourth dimension (1.1.39.1)? Notice that Horatio addresses it as thou. This is the diversity of address used with friends or inferiors. Shakespeares audience would have been frequently more attuned to the difference than we are. What is the effect of Horatios addressing the ghost as thou? When Horatio was first told about the way of the apparition, he was skeptical, Horatio says tis provided our fantasy And will not let belief take hold of him ( 1.1.29).When the ghost was first sighted in the play, Bernardo remarks that the ghost looks similar to the King juncture, and Marcellus causations with Horatio that he should address the ghost. This usage of the backchat thou causes the ghost to exit. Marcellus comments that the ghost was offended, closeing that by Horatio speaking to the ghost of the King with such lack of respect and with demands the ghost left.3. What does Horatio first assume the appearance of the ghost means (1.1.70)? Why are there such intense war preparations in Denmark? (Read 1.1.69-107 carefully to get the international background of the play.) What does Horatio suggest by his discussion of Julius Caesars death (1.1.112 125)? Why does he choose the example of Rome? (You may re search Julius Caesar if necessary.)Horatio initially assumes that the ghost appearance must mean that there is something wrong with the current government, this bodes some strange eruption to our state, and that the appearance is foreshadowing some ominous event that will soon occur. on that point are intense war preparations in Denmark, and Bernardo and Marcellus question Horatio is he knows the reason behind such dos. Horatio responds that there are rumors that the King settlement, who was very elated in manner, was challenged to battle Fortinbras of Norway and did kill the King Fortinbras. Kind Fortinbras forfeited his realm to whoever conquered him, but King Hamlet made a deal and bargained some of the given land to the son of King Fortinbras.The young Fortinbras is uncontrollable with his rage against King Hamlet and Denmark and has been combating the edges of the land with a spirit of adventure , and is set on his attack to regain the lost lands. Denmark is preparing ag gressively for the imminent battle against young Fortinbras of Norway. Horatio is suggesting a connection of Julius Cesars and the fall of Rome, in that he discusses that King Hamlets death will led to the fall of the land. Horatio chooses the example of Rome to emphasize the King Hamlets role in destruction. Both Cesar and King Hamlet are prideful in nature, and have had their pride challenged and their subsequent actions leading to their death. Rome is also known as a grand empire of effectiveness but after the assassination of Julius Cesar, the Roman Republic collapsed and ended.4. What happens when the ghost appears for the second time (1.1.108)? Why does it leave so abruptly? The questions Horatio asks it represent, according to the thought of the time, the reasons why a ghost could appear.When the ghost appears again, Horatio asks the ghost to speak concerning why it had come in the first place and the reason behind such appearances. When the ghost seems to begin to leave aft er Horatio questions it, Bernardo and Marcellus try to stop it by throwing their partisans at the ghost. Marcellus believes that the ghost left because they had angered it when they attempted to force the ghost to speak using violence, but Horatio notes that it was the roster triumph that stopped the ghost from speaking and then leaving.5. What is the purpose of the two discussions of the crowing of the cock, Horatios pagan one and Marcellus Christian one (1.1.130 164)?Horatio tells the others that the rosters crowing awaken a god of daylight and any ghosts who are wandering on the earth are forced to hide until night comes. On the other had Marcellus states that daytime is similar to Christs Resurrection, and that no evil thing can roam the Earth during the sacred and hallowed time. These two different discussions regarding the rooster crowing are symbolic of the overall confusion and determination of the ghost purpose there. Prince Hamlet later questions if the ghost is somethin g of evil origins there to tempt him into committing sins, or if the ghost is however trying to help and warn him, and is a victim of the the daylight gods reign.1.21. What is the threat from young Fortinbras? (ll. 17-41)? How is Claudius responding to the threat? (You may also want to keep in approximation that the name Claudius appears only in the opening layer direction for 1.2. The name is never spoken in the play. He is simply the King.) Throughout his speech, Claudius is telling the salute of the sorrow in losing Hamlet, but in joy in the court accepting the marriage of Claudius to Queen Gertrude.Claudius refers the young Fortinbras of his ignorance in believing that Denmark would be dim after the death of King Hamlet, and though Fortinbras is demanding the lands which were lost by King Fortinbras, Claudius is ignoring those demands.King Claudius is also telling the court about the uncle of the king of Norway, who is weak and downcast and unaware of young Fortinbras acti ons. King Claudius responds to the threat of war from Norway, by sending a message to the uncle of the king of Fortinbras informing him of young Fortinbras mission and in that he is using war supplies from Norways subjects, and to stop young Fortinbras from moving further.2. Based on Claudius first 63 lines in office (1.2.1-62), how would you rate him as a ruler? In what ways does he already differ from Old Hamlet as king? (Consider how Old Hamlet would have responded to YoungFortinbras.)Laertes asks King Claudius if he would let him furnish to France with approval and permission, to which Claudius responds first by asking if Polonius, the father to Laertes, approves. Polonius states that he is reluctantly accepting of Laertes question and Claudius formally gives him permission to return to France. So far Claudius behavior is very different from those spoken about King Hamlets. King Hamlet was said to have been very prideful and warlike in his actions, while Claudius is taking a mo re diplomatically aggressive reaction.Claudius is avoiding physical confrontation with young Fortinbras and is instead implementing the uncle of King Fortinbras to take action to avoid war. This reaction shows the amount of research done and clear thoughts dedicated to how to react to the threat of young Fortinbras without battle that could be destructive. King Hamlet in all likelihood wouldve reacted pridefully by force. Young Fortinbras is basically challenging Denmark to fight, which is how King Hamlet was brought to battle in the first place.3. What do Claudius and Gertrude want Hamlet to do that he doesnt want to do? Why wont they let him do it? How does he respond to them? How do they respond to the way he responds to them? (Research the three known people associated with the University of Wittenberg in Germany Martin Luther, Doctor Faustus, and Hamlet. Can you see any connections among the three?) Claudius and Gertrude want Hamlet to stay in Elsinore instead of going back t o the University in Wittenberg, and in response he said, forcibly, i shall in all my best, obey you, madame, and only responds to his mother.This choice in response displays the amount of anger and repressed emotions Hamlet has against Claudius, and not excluding Gertrude. Claudius responds to Hamlets reply by pronouncing how loving and joyfully kind Hamlet is and that they should go to celebrate their marriage with a feast in celebration. Martin Luther translated the Bible into German, and created a whole new religion after he separated himself from the Catholic Church. Doctor Faustus, in the play, had discarded the Bible, in favor of books of magic, and forbidden arts. If Hamlet had kaput(p) to this University as well, it is clearly a connection to the separation fromCatholicism and religion, in that Hamlet will begin to question the reason behind the ghost and the motivator of his morality, if religion is no longer needed or believed.4. How seriously do you take Claudius argume nt against Hamlets prolonged mourning (1.2.87-109)? How long has Hamlet been mourning (1.2.138)? (The normal mourning period of a noble or gentle woman for a dead husband at this time ca. 1600 was a year or more.) Claudius argument with Hamlet regarding Hamlets prolonged mourning seems ridiculous. Queen Gertrude has also regarded Hamlets mourning to be to a fault long and asks why he felt such a personal connection to the death of his father. According to the time period, the mourning period was so juvenile in relation to the year long usually seen, in that King Hamlet had died only months ago.Read notes on The Wheel of Fortune. Also, consider what you have intimate in ENG3U about The Great Chain of Being. Finally, consider what you have learned about archetypes of literature. Now consider 5. 5. How might the death of the King and the remarriage of the Queen to Claudius have-to doe with Hamlets image of the ideal mother and father archetypes? In other words, what does he come to a realization about at this stage in his journey?It will causes him think that the relationship between mother and father can be easily established by keep ever-changing of marriage, he shows that all the years of relationships between with his father and mother change and there may no true love at all form each other as well.6. Read Hamlets first soliloquy (1.2.129-59) carefully. What is it that is really bothering him about what has happened since his fathers death? How would you describe the tactual sensation of his feelings detached, impassioned, rational, ironic, or what?It seems that Hamlet is more confused than angry from his soliloquy. He has been raised in Catholicism and expects the reaction to the marriage of his uncle and mother to be as hated and disgusting throughout society, butnotices how he is alone in his reaction. The double relation, uncle and father, is seen as incestuous and wrong, but he still is unable to know how to well act towards the marriage. Througho ut the soliloquy it is clear that Hamlet is more upset from his mother marrying his uncle, than his fathers death, but uses his father death to give him reason for being so upset and betrayed. 7. Concept Consideration New HistoricismRead the following except about religious beliefs of the time from Jungs Advice to the Players The shock of Horatios news brings him Hamlet, quite naturally, somewhat out of his despondency. Hope begins to rise once more that perhaps the good father is not completely lost to him. moreover this is hope tempered by fear and confusion from the beginning. Ghosts, for the Elizabethans, fell into two distinct categories for Catholics and Protestants .For Catholics, they were actually souls of the departed, on leave from Purgatory. Protestants, on the other hand, held more conglomerate beliefs, thinking them spirits, usually from hell but occasionally from heaven. They were thus either devils or angels who had assumed the shape of the dead (Portfield 78). Qu estionWhen Horatio tells Hamlet that he saw the ghost, what does Hamlet suspect the about the nature of the ghost and the reason for its appearance (1.2.254-57)? Which religious views does his opinion seem to favour at this point in time?Works CitedPortfield, Sally R. Jungs Advice to the Players A Jungian Reading of Shakespeares Problem Plays. Westport, Connecticut Greenwood Press. 1994. Print.

Kingdom of Life Essay

The Kingdom of Monera is the smallest in size in the biologic world but ar the most in terms of numbers. They can be found almost everywhere on earth. Monerans are the only earth of the prokaryotic type, organisms that lack a nucleus. The most common of this kind is the bacteria, which most people know are harmful for it causes illnesses and some(prenominal) degrees of food poisoning. The division of a single bacterium into two similar daughter cells constitutes the bacterial growth. This process is called binary fission which in turn promotes its population to grow exponentially. Bacteria are said to be the first inhabitants of Earth.Protozoa, fungus-like protists and the algae are the major categories under the body politic of Protista. Members are categorized as colonial, unicellular or multi-cellular. Organisms under this kingdom are all eukaryotic, meaning they all have a true nucleus. Most undergo mitosis for their growth while some by meiosis and fertilization for thei r reproduction process. All organisms live in a water-based environment.Network forming which is called mycelia is the common process in which members of the kingdom of fungi grow. Fungi cause diseases in establish like smuts and rusts, while severe damage are from stem root and leaf rots. Most common in humans are athletic supporters foot and ringworm among another(prenominal)s. Animal diseases are very hard to treat because of its genetic and chemical similarity to fungi. Harmful as they may seem, some fungi members play significant roles in the ecological system. Some plants cant grow without fungi. Breakthroughs in medicine are synthesized from fungi while others are used for food.The environment can not take form without plants. Humans cant live without them. That is how important the kingdom of plantae is to our planet and to our lives. say to lived 360 million years ago, plants vary in sizes, from very small kind to tall huge trees. Plants reproduce asexually and grow wit h the help of external factors. They are the only living organisms that are able to produce their own food through photosynthesis.Members of the kingdom Animalia are all heterotrophs. Animals, for their sustenance and survival, depends on other organisms around them. All organisms of the kingdom are eukaryotic and multicellular. Animals reproduce sexually through their special cells which when united form the zygotes that later grow into a bleak individual. The first recorded phyla of this kingdom was a marine specie some 542 million years ago.ReferencesWindows Team, (1998, December 17). Windows to the Universe. Retrieved, September 27, 2008 from, http//www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/life/monera.htmlCarter, stein J., (2004, November 3). SC Links. Retrieved, September 27, 2008 from, http//biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 38. Power

Chelsea is act to break our bindings, Edward whispered. But she cant get them.She cant smell us here. . . . His look cut to me. Are you doing that?I smiled grimly at him. I am tot all(a) toldy over this.Edward lurched international from me suddenly, his cash in ones chips r to each oneing out toward Carlisle. At the same date, I felt a much sharper jab once against the nurse where it wrapped protectively around Carlisles light. It wasnt painful, but it wasnt pleasant, either.Carlisle? Are you all right? Edward gasped franti imposey.Yes. why?Jane, Edward answered.The moment that he said her name, a dozen pointed attacks hit in a second, stabbing all over the e finishic epidermis, aimed at twelve different bright spots. I flexed, make sealed the shield was undamaged. It didnt take carem like Jane had been able to pierce it. I glanced around quickly e trulyvirtuoso was fine.Incredible, Edward said.Why arent they waiting for the decision? Tanya hissed.Normal procedure, Edw ard answered brusquely. They usually incapacitate those on trial so they cant escape.I looked crosswise at Jane, who was staring at our group with furious disbelief. I was passably convinced(predicate) that, besides me, shed never estimaten anyone remain standing by means of her fiery assault.It probably wasnt very mature. But I figured it would mob Aro about half a second to guess if he hadnt already that my shield was more mighty than Edward had issuen I already had a big target on my forehead and at that place was authencetically no point in trying to keep the extent of what I could do a secret. So I grinned a huge, smug smile right at Jane.Her eyes narrowed, and I felt around other stab of oblige, this time directed at me.I pulled my lips wider, showing my dentition.Jane let out a spiky scream of a snarl. Everyone jumped, even the disciplined obligate. Everyone but the ancients, who didnt so much as look up from their conference.Her twin caught her arm as she cr ouched to spring.The Romanians started chuckling with tail anticipation.I told you this was our time, Vladimir said to Stefan.Just look at the witchs face, Stefan chortled.Alec patted his sisters shoulder joint soothingly, then tucked her under his arm. He sullen his face to us, perfectly smooth, completely angelic.I waited for rough pressure, some sign of his attack, but I felt nonhing. He continued to stare in our military commission, his pretty face composed. Was he attacking? Was he getting by my shield? Was I the only one who could still insure him? I clutched at Edwards hand.Are you okay? I choked out.Yes, he whispered.Is Alec trying?Edward nodded. His gift is slower than Janes. It creeps. It go out touch us in a few seconds.I saying it then, when I had a clue of what to look for.A strange clear haze was oozing crosswise the snow, nearly invisible against the white. It reminded me of a mirage a slight warping of the view, a hint of a shimmer. I pushed my shield out from Carlisle and the rest of the front line, afraid to fetch the slinking mist in like manner close when it hit. What if it steal right by means of my intangible protection? Should we run?A low rumbling murmured through the motive under our feet, and a gust of wind blew the snow into sudden flurries between our position and the Volturis. Benjamin had seen the spook threat, too, and now he tried to blow the mist away from us. The snow do it easy to see where he threw the wind, but the mist didnt react in any way. It was like air blowing harmlessly through a shadow the shadow was immune.The triangular formation of the ancients finally broke apart when, with a pace groan, a chummy, narrow fissure opened in a long zigzag across the shopping mall of the clearing. The earth rocked under my feet for a moment. The drifts of snow plummeted into the hole, but the mist skipped right across it, as unswayed by gravity as it had been by wind.Aro and Caius watched the opening earth with wide eyes. Marcus looked in the same direction without emotion.They didnt speak they waited, too, as the mist approached us. The wind shrieked louder but didnt change the course of the mist. Jane was smiling now.And then the mist hit a wall.I could relishing it as presently as it touched my shield it had a dense, sweet, cloying flavor. It made me recover dimly the numbness of Novocain on my tongue.The mist change surface upward, pursuance a breach, a weakness. It found none. The fingers of searching haze twisted upward and around, trying to find a way in, and in the process illustrating the astonishing size of the protective screen.thither were gasps on twain sides of Benjamins gorge.Well done, Bella Benjamin cheered in a low component part.My smile re sour.I could see Alecs narrowed eyes, interrogative on his face for the first time as his mist swirled harmlessly around the edges of my shield.And then I k impudent that I could do this. Obviously, I would be the number-one priority, the first one to die, but as long as I held, we were on more than equal footing with the Volturi. We still had Benjamin and Zafrina they had no supernatural help oneself at all. As long as I held.Im going to shoot to concentrate, I whispered to Edward. When it comes to hand to hand, its going to be harder to keep the shield around the right people.Ill keep them off you.No. You have to get to Demetri. Zafrina will keep them away from me.Zafrina nodded solemnly. No one will touch this young one, she promised Edward.Id go aft(prenominal) Jane and Alec myself, but I can do more good here.Janes mine, Kate hissed. She needs a taste of her own medicine.And Alec owes me many lives, but I will settle for his, Vladimir growled from the other side. Hes mine.I adept insufficiency Caius, Tanya said evenly.The others started divvying up opponents, too, but they were quickly interrupted.Aro, staring calmly at Alecs ineffective mist, finally spoke. ahead we vote, he began.I agitate my head angrily. I was tired of this charade. The bloodlust was igniting in me again, and I was sorry that I would help the others more by standing still. I wanted to fight.Let me remind you, Aro continued, whatever the councils decision, there need be no violence here.Edward snarled out a dark laugh.Aro stared at him sadly. It will be a regrettable waste to our kind to lose any of you.But you especially, young Edward, and your neonate mate. The Volturi would be glad to welcome many of you into our ranks. Bella, Benjamin, Zafrina, Kate. There are many choices before you. Consider them.Chelseas drive to sway us fluttered impotently against my shield. Aros gaze swept across our hard eyes, looking for any interpretation of hesitation. From his expression, he found none.I knew he was desperate to keep Edward and me, to imprison us the way he had hoped to enslave Alice. But this fight was too big. He would non win if I lived. I was fiercely glad to be so powerful that I left him no way not to devour me.Let us vote, then, he said with apparent reluctance.Caius spoke with eager haste. The child is an unknown quantity. There is no reason to allow such a risk to exist. It must be destroyed, along with all who protect it. He smiled in expectation.I fought back a shriek of defiance to answer his fell smirk.Marcus pussyfooted his uncaring eyes, seeming to look through us as he voted.I see no immediate danger. The child is safe enough for now. We can always reevaluate later. Let us leave in peace. His voice was even fainter than his brothers feathery sighs.None of the guard relaxed their ready positions at his disagreeing words. Caiuss anticipatory grin did not falter. It was as if Marcus hadnt spoken at all.I must make the deciding vote, it seems, Aro mused.Suddenly, Edward stiffened at my side. Yes he hissed.I risked a glance at him. His face glowed with an expression of triumph that I didnt get word it was the expression an angel of destruction might wear ti me the gentleman burned. Beautiful and terrifying.There was a low reaction from the guard, an uneasy murmur.Aro? Edward called, nearly shouted, undisguised victory in his voice.Aro hesitated for a second, assessing this new toughness warily before he answered. Yes, Edward? You have something further ? maybe, Edward said pleasantly, controlling his unexplained excitement. First, if I could explain one point?Certainly, Aro said, raising his eyebrows, nothing now but polite interest in his tone.My teeth aim together Aro was never more dangerous than when he was gracious.The danger you foresee from my girlfriend this stems solely from our inability to guess how she will develop? That is the crux of the matter?Yes, friend Edward, Aro agreed. If we could but be affirmatory be sure that, as she grows, she will be able to stay concealed from the human world not endanger the safety of our obscurity . . . He trailed off, shrugging.So, if we could only know for sure, Edward suggested, exactly what she will let then there would be no need for a council at all?If there was some way to be short sure, Aro agreed, his feathery voice slightly more shrill. He couldnt see where Edward was lead-in him. Neither could I. Then, yes, there would be no question to debate.And we would part in peace, good friends once again? Edward asked with a hint of irony.Even more shrill. Of course, my young friend. Nothing would please me more.Edward chuckled exultantly. Then I do have something more to offer.Aros eyes narrowed. She is absolutely unique. Her future can only be guessed at.Not absolutely unique, Edward disagreed. Rare, certainly, but not one of a kind.I fought the shock, the sudden hope springing to life, as it threatened to remove me. The sickly-looking mist still swirled around the edges of my shield. And, as I struggled to focus, I felt again the sharp, stabbing pressure against my protective hold.Aro, would you ask Jane to stop attacking my wife? Edward asked courteo usly. We are still discussing evidence.Aro raised one hand. Peace, heartfelt ones. Let us hear him out.The pressure disappeared. Jane bared her teeth at me I couldnt help smiling back at her.Why dont you join us, Alice? Edward called loudly.Alice, Esme whispered in shock.AliceAlice, Alice, Alice Alice Alice other voices murmured around me.Alice, Aro breathed.Relief and angry joy surged through me. It took all my will to keep the shield where it was. Alecs mist still tested, seeking a weakness Jane would see if I left any holes.And then I heard them running through the forest, flying, closing the distance as quickly as they could with no slowing effort at silence. some(prenominal) sides were motionless in expectation. The Volturi witnesses scowled in fresh confusion.Then Alice danced into the clearing from the southwest, and I felt like the mirth of seeing her face again might knock me off my feet. Jasper was only inches behind her, his sharp eyes fierce. Close after them ran th ree strangers the first was a tall, muscular female with wild dark pig obviously Kachiri. She had the same elongated limbs and features as the other Amazons, even more pronounced in her case.The succeeding(prenominal) was a small olive-toned female vampire with a long braid of black hair bobbing against her back. Her deep burgundy eyes flitted nervously around the confrontation before her.And the last was a young man not quite as fast nor quite as fluid in his run. His skin was an impossible rich, dark brown. His wary eyes flashed across the gathering, and they were the color of warm teak. His hair was black and braided, too, like the womans, though not as long. He was beautiful.As he neared us, a new sound sent shock waves through the watching crowd the sound of another heartbeat, accelerated with exertion.Alice leaped lightly over the edges of the dissipating mist that lapped at my shield and came to a sinuous stop at Edwards side. I reached out to touch her arm, and so did Ed ward, Esme, Carlisle. There wasnt time for any other welcome. Jasper and the others followed her through the shield.All the guard watched, speculation in their eyes, as the latecomers crossed the invisible border without difficulty. The brawny ones, Felix and the others like him, focused their suddenly hopeful eyes on me. They had not been sure of what my shield repelled, but it was clear now that it would not stop a physical attack. As soon as Aro gave the order, the blitz would ensue, me the only object. I wondered how many Zafrina would be able to blind, and how much that would slow them. persistent enough for Kate and Vladimir to take Jane and Alec out of the equation? That was all I could ask for.Edward, de go against his absorption in the coup he was directing, stiffened furiously in response to their thoughts. He controlled himself and spoke to Aro again.Alice has been searching for her own witnesses these last weeks, he said to the ancient. And she does not come back empty- handed. Alice, why dont you introduce the witnesses youve brought?Caius snarled. The time for witnesses is past betray your vote, AroAro raised one finger to silence his brother, his eyes glued to Alices face.Alice stepped forward lightly and introduced the strangers. This is Huilen and her nephew, Nahuel.Hearing her voice it was like shed never left.Caiuss eyes tightened as Alice named the relationship between the newcomers. The Volturi witnesses hissed amongst themselves. The vampire world was changing, and everyone could feel it.Speak, Huilen, Aro commanded. stop us the witness you were brought to bear.The slight woman looked to Alice nervously. Alice nodded in encouragement, and Kachiri put her long hand on the weensy vampires shoulder.I am Huilen, the woman announced in clear but strangely accented English. As she continued, it was apparent she had prepared herself to regularize this story, that she had practiced. It flowed like a well-known nursery rhyme. A century and a h alf ago, I lived with my people, the Mapuche. My sister was Pire. Our parents named her after the snow on the mountains because of her fair skin. And she was very beautiful too beautiful.She came to me one day in secret and told me of the angel that found her in the woods, that visited her by night. I warned her. Huilen shook her head mournfully. As if the bruises on her skin were not warning enough. I knew it was the Libishomen of our legends, but she would not listen. She was bewitched.She told me when she was sure her dark angels child was growing inside her. I didnt try to discourage her from her plan to run away I knew even our father and mother would agree that the child must be destroyed, Pire with it. I went with her into the deepest move of the forest. She searched for her demon angel but found nothing. I cared for her, hunted for her when her strength failed. She ate the animals raw, drinking their blood. I needed no more confirmation of what she carried in her womb. I hoped to save her life before I killed the monster.But she loved the child inside her. She called him Nahuel, after the jungle cat, when he grew strong and broke her castanets and loved him still.I could not save her. The child ripped his way free of her, and she died quickly, begging all the while that I would care for her Nahuel. Her dying wish and I agreed.He bit me, though, when I tried to lift him from her body. I crawled away into the jungle to die. I didnt get far the pain was too much. But he found me the newborn child struggled through the underbrush to my side and waited for me. When the pain ended, he was curled against my side, sleeping.I cared for him until he was able to hunt for himself. We hunted the villages around our forest, staying to ourselves. We have never come so far from our home, but Nahuel wished to see the child here.Huilen bowed her head when she was finished and moved back so she was part hidden behind Kachiri.Aros lips were pursed. He stared at th e dark-skinned youth.Nahuel, you are one hundred and fifty long time old? he questioned.Give or take a decade, he answered in a clear, beautifully warm voice. His accent was barely noticeable. We dont keep track.And you reached maturity at what age?About seven historic period after my birth, more or less, I was full grown.You have not changed since then?Nahuel shrugged. Not that Ive noticed.I felt a shudder tremble through Jacobs body. I didnt want to think about this yet. I would wait till the danger was past and I could concentrate.And your diet? Aro pressed, seeming interested in spite of himself.Mostly blood, but some human food, too. I can survive on either.You were able to arrive at an immortal? As Aro gestured to Huilen, his voice was abruptly intense. I refocused on my shield perhaps he was seeking a new excuse.Yes, but none of the rest can.A shocked murmur ran through all three groups.Aros eyebrows shot up. The rest?My sisters. Nahuel shrugged again.Aro stared wildly for a moment before composing his face.Perhaps you would tell us the rest of your story, for there seems to be more.Nahuel frowned.My father came looking for me a few old age after my mothers death. His handsome face distorted slightly. He was pleased to find me. Nahuels tone suggested the feeling was not mutual. He had two daughters, but no sons. He expected me to join him, as my sisters had.He was surprised I was not alone. My sisters are not venomous, but whether thats due to gender or a random hazard who knows? I already had my family with Huilen, and I was not interested he twisted the word in reservation a change. I see him from time to time. I have a new sister she reached maturity about ten years back.Your fathers name? Caius asked through gritted teeth.Joham, Nahuel answered. He considers himself a scientist. He thinks hes creating a new super-race. He made no attempt to disguise the disgust in his tone.Caius looked at me. Your daughter, is she venomous? he demanded harsh ly.No, I responded. Nahuels head snapped up at Aros question, and his teak eyes turned to bore into my face.Caius looked to Aro for confirmation, but Aro was thoughtless in his own thoughts. He pursed his lips and stared at Carlisle, and then Edward, and at last his eyes rested on me.Caius growled. We take care of the aberration here, and then follow it south, he urged Aro.Aro stared into my eyes for a long, tense moment. I had no idea what he was searching for, or what he found, but after he had calculated me for that moment, something in his face changed, a faint shift in the set of his mouth and eyes, and I knew that Aro had made his decision.Brother, he said softly to Caius. There appears to be no danger. This is an unusual development, but I see no threat. These half-vampire children are much like us, it appears.Is that your vote? Caius demanded.It is.Caius scowled. And this Joham? This immortal so fond of experimentation?Perhaps we should speak with him, Aro agreed.Stop Joha m if you will, Nahuel said flatly. But leave my sisters be. They are innocent.Aro nodded, his expression solemn. And then he turned back to his guard with a warm smile.Dear ones, he called. We do not fight today.The guard nodded in unison and straightened out of their ready positions. The mist dissipated swiftly, but I held my shield in place. Maybe this was another trick.I analyzed their expressions as Aro turned back to us. His face was as benignant as ever, but unlike before, I sensed a strange blankness behind the fa?ade. As if his astute was over. Caius was clearly incensed, but his rage was turned inward now he was resigned. Marcus looked bored there genuinely was no other word for it. The guard was impassive and disciplined again there were no individuals among them, just the whole.They were in formation, ready to depart. The Volturi witnesses were still wary one after another, they departed, scattering into the woods. As their numbers dwindled, the be sped up. Soon they w ere all gone.Aro held his hands out to us, almost apologetic. Behind him, the larger part of the guard, along with Caius, Marcus, and the silent, unavowed wives, were already drifting quickly away, their formation precise once again. Only the three that seemed to be his ad hominem guardians lingered with him.Im so glad this could be resolved without violence, he said sweetly. My friend, Carlisle how pleased I am to call you friend again I hope there are no hard feelings. I know you understand the strict burden that our duty places on our shoulders.Leave in peace, Aro, Carlisle said stiffly. Please remember that we still have our anonymity to protect here, and keep your guard from hunting in this region.Of course, Carlisle, Aro assured him. I am sorry to earn your disapproval, my dear friend. Perhaps, in time, you will forgive me.Perhaps, in time, if you prove a friend to us again.Aro bowed his head, the picture of remorse, and drifted backward for a moment before he turned around . We watched in silence as the last four Volturi disappeared into the trees.It was very quiet. I did not drop my shield.Is it very over? I whispered to Edward.His smile was huge. Yes. Theyve given up. Like all bullies, theyre cowards underneath the swagger. He chuckled.Alice laughed with him. Seriously, people. Theyre not coming back. Everybody can relax now.There was another beat of silence.Of all the rotten luck, Stefan muttered.And then it hit.Cheers erupted. earsplitting howls filled the clearing. Maggie pounded Siobhan on the back. Rosalie and Emmett kissed again longer and more ardently than before.Benjamin and Tia were locked in each others arms, as were Carmen and Eleazar. Esme held Alice and Jasper in a tight embrace. Carlisle was warmly thanking the South American newcomers who had saved us all. Kachiri stood very close to Zafrina and Senna, their fingertips interlocked. Garrett picked Kate up off the ground and swung her around in a circle.Stefan spit on the snow. Vlad imir ground his teeth together with a sour expression.And I half-climbed the giant russet wolf to rip my daughter off his back and then crushed her to my chest. Edwards arms were around us in the same second.Nessie, Nessie, Nessie, I crooned.Jacob laughed his big, barky laugh and poked the back of my head with his nose.Shut up, I mumbled.I get to stay with you? Nessie demanded.Forever, I promised her.We had forever. And Nessie was going to be fine and healthy and strong. Like the halfhuman Nahuel, in a hundred and fifty years she would still be young. And we would all be together.Happiness expanded like an explosion inside me so extreme, so violent that I wasnt sure Id survive it.Forever, Edward echoed in my ear.I couldnt speak anymore. I upraised my head and kissed him with a passion that might possibly set the forest on fire.I wouldnt have noticed.

Crime Scene Essay

In an organized step by step approach Scene Documentation is one of the stages in the becoming processing of a crime expectation. The closing results of a properly documented crime vista atomic number 18 the ability of others to take the finished product to use in either reconstructing the setting or the range of events in an incident and our court room presentation.In documenting the guesswork there are actually triad functions or methods used to properly document the crime scene. Those methods consist of written notes which will ultimately be used in constructing a final report, crime scene photographs, and a diagram or sketch. unison between each of these functions is paramount. Each method is important in the process of properly documenting the crime scene.The notes and reports should be done in a chronological order and should include no opinions, no analysis, or whatsoever conclusions just the facts. The crime scene investigator or secernate recovery technician shou ld document what they see, not what they think. The final report should tell a descriptive and factual story.A general description of the crime scene should be given just as the investigator sees it when she does the initial walk through of the scene. Each incision or agency has a method which they use will for written documentation of the crime scene. thither investigator or technician should follow her departments assigned procedures for written documentation. The importance of sharing information can never be over-looked.This article is intended to share ideas in the area of uniform documentation as an pattern of the format that is used by my department. We use a narrative partition of the report divided it into quint categories. The categories are the summary, the scene including a detailed body description if in a death investigation, processing, and evidence collected, and the pending that may be collected at another date or time.The summary would to basically give the de tails of how he was initiated into the investigation. For an example At the request of Robbery Detective H. Granier, this writer was request to respond to assist in processing the scene of an armed robbery involving 4 un cognise mantled subjects.Detective H. Graniers preliminary investigation revealed that the subjects startled the victim as she returned home from shopping. For come along details of this investigation refer to Detective H. Granier. Our summary is brief and does not include a isthmus of the said information(http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/unavail up to(p)/)The investigator in charge should obtain the following for the crime scene incase file1. Initial responding officer documentation.2. Emergency medical personnel documents.3. Entry and exit documentation.4. Photographs and whatever videos.5. Crime scene sketches and diagrams.6. Evidence documentation.7. Other responders documentation.8. Record of consent form or search warrant.9. evil background checkReports such as fo rensic or technical reports should be added to this file when they bring into being available. This will ensure that reports and other documentation pertaining to the crime scene investigation are compiled into a case file by the investigator in charge of the crime scene and allow for independent look into of the work conducted. In the scene section of the narrative we should give a detailed description of the scene as it is seen when we approach the area.The scene description usually includes some(prenominal)thing that is unusual and out of place. Any weather or environment conditions are also included. Again this is a description of what we see, not what we think. The evidence that should observe is its location, the condition, or anything close to the item will be included in our scene description section. This would also barrack to any identification markers used to number or label the items of evidence.These remarks would all be consistent with any numbers, letters, or lab els indicated in the photographs, or drawn into a sketch of the scene (http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/unavailable/).The processing section is for our units to describe what we did, if assistance was needed during the processing stages, who we had assisting, and what functions they did. The evidence collection section is to organize what evidence we and others assisting were able to recover from the crime scene, where the items were recovered from, and what part of the lab the items weredirected to for analysis. unlawful narrativeA Criminal History Summary often referred to as a criminal history record or a rap sheet is a listing of certain information taken from fingerprint submissions retained by the FBI in connection with arrests and, in some instances, federal employment, naturalization, or military service.If no Criminal History Summary on file, the investigator will receive a response indicating that the person has no preceding arrest data on file. If the person does have a crimina l history Summary on file, you will receive your summary. Pending SectionThe pending section would be for any known tasks that would need to be completed at a later date or time in the investigation. What is turned in to the Department?1. A written report2. Crime scene photographs3. Crime scene sketchCrime Scene Example Final ReportInitial Information victim takeIncident AddressIncident DateIncident TimeOffenseReport DateVictim InformationVictim NameVictim AddressHeightWeightEye Color blur ColorScarsTattoosOtherNCIC Medical Examiner/Medical SummaryMedical Examiner/AgencyInjuries crusade of DeathManner of DeathCrime Scene SummaryWrite a narrative about the crime scene. This is a summary of what you observed at the scene. You do not make hypothesis or draw conclusions.Evidence Log SummaryEvidence NumberDescriptionNote Attach correct Evidence Collection Log to the end of this report. Image InventoryImage NumberDescriptionConclusions put on conclusions based on the evidence gathered. Be as complete as possible.NoteThis list is limited to crime scene documentation. This should not be considered a comprehensive list of the documents involved in an fact-finding case file In conclusion, the final results of a properly documented crime scene are the ability of others to take the finished product to use in either reconstructing the scene or the chain of mountains of events in an incident and our court room presentation.

Effects of Online Advertisements on Newspaper Advertisements

Running Head EFFECTS OF ONLINE advertizing 1 Topic effectuate of Online Advertisement towards cuttingspaper Advertisement A episode Study of steer Online and brainiac Newspaper pee-pee Institution ONLINE AND paper advert Insert Title Here by Insert Name Here An Applied dissertation Submitted to the Name of university in partial tone Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of 2 ONLINE AND paper ADVERTISEMENT 3 Name of University Enter Year Here Approval Page This dissertation was submitted by INSERT NAME under the direction of the persons listed below.It was submitted to the Name of University and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of INSERT NAME AND DEGREE, e. g. , Al Smith, PhD Committee Chair INSERT NAME AND DEGREE Date Committee Member Name Date Executive dean for Research and Evaluation Date ONLINE AND theme ADVERTISEMENT Declaration 4 ONLINE AND news write ADVERTISEMENT Acknowledgments 5 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 6 Abstr desexualise vex let on of the clo imbed This thesis has been written to explore set up of online publicise toward report discommodeer ad.Emphasis give be laid on a result film of ace Online and unity Newspaper, which atomic itemise 18 the leading English news media in Malaysia. Newspapers, whether publish or online, argon major and key advertizing tastings for crossways ill-temperedly owing to their broad representership. Circulation and ingressibility of these advertizing media atomic upshot 18 foc economic consumptiond on, with recommendations on ways and meaning of ensuring developmentd fileership and access. Key measures toward choosing an sound paper medium with analysis of advantages and disfavors of each medium has been explored.The thesis has also pre directed a interoperable look of Star Online and Star News soft touch as a excrete to future advertizing decisions for the marketing industry. The first part of this paper is a gui deline for conducting the investigation. Part twain is a re office of literature on the topic and includes key recommendations. However, this look is non conclusive of this topic, and both future query should tackle issues not addressed in this paper. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 7 display board of ContentsAbstract . 6 List of tables/ illustrations/ figures/ appendices 9 CHAPTER 1 design . 10 Thesis story .. 2 Statement of the Problem . 12 Background of the Problem. 13 Justification for the Study 14 Deficiencies in the usher 5 Definition of Terms . 16 Purpose of the Study .. 16 Hypotheses .. 17 abridgment .. 7 CHAPTER 2 books REVIEW .. 19 Introduction . 19 Evaluation of bulls eye Newspaper. 20 Evaluation of Online Newspaper. 21 Case Study Star Online and Star Newspaper 2 News bulls eye Advertisement. 23 Advantages . 24 Disadvantages 25 Online Advertisement 6 Advantages . 26 Disadvantages 27 CHAPTER 3 modeological analysis 29 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEME NT 8 Introduction . 9 selective study army Methods.. 29 Sources .. 30 Interviews . 30 Questionnaires 1 Case Study 31 Survey Analysis. 32 Treatment of Data. 32 Research Limitations.. 3 Rigor, Validity, Reliability, and morality . 33 Human Rights Protection . 34 Research archive/Timeline .. 34 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS.. 5 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION.. 38 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .. 39 major Conclusions .. 39 Recommendations 39 References. 1 APPENDIX.. 43 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT List of tables/ illustrations/ figures/ appendices Chart 1 Survey Response Rate Chart 2 allday Readership Chart 3 Content rating Table 1 Work Plan 9 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Advertisement is a note term functiond to refer to any form of paid resolve proposeing goods or serve through various medium including newspaper publishers, television system, magazines, radios, and on the meshwork.Advertisements atomic number 50 either ope calculate th e form of print publicise through newspapers, magazines, brochures, and fliers or in non-print form such(prenominal)(prenominal) as those lay dget in television, radio, video, and internet. The key purpose of advertisements is to bring to the upkeep of potency customers the existence of a new increase or service. A good advertisement should be able to persuade the potential customers to purchase and proceed them motivated to do a authentic action (Tolani, 2010). While the function of publicise has not changed from the act of influencing the decision of a potential customer, the form of advertisement has radually evolved with new advertisement media emerging. Radio advertisement emerged with the sexual climax of radios in the 1920s. The number of people who owned radios increased to about 82% by 1940. However, television was introduced in the 1950s, and was soon a common appliance in al around all ho characterh dodderings. This resulted in the increase of television advertis ement expenditure to nearly $1. 5 billion by 1960s. Outdoor advertisement dejection be traced back to the post World War era to the Ameri sess Safety Razor Company in 1925 when it advertised a brushless(prenominal) shaving cream on a mega billboard (Tolani, 2010).The advent of video cassette recorders cut a new snub in advertisement during the period between the early 1980s and new-fangled 1990s. The video cassette recorders became very common with viewing audience, alone video advertisement met a major hitch as viewers considerably fast-forwarded ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 11 through advertisements objet dart watching tapes. This compelled firms to resort to product placement in which their products were employ in television shows and films. The latest media development in this field is the use of internet for advertising.There has somely been an increase in computing machine ownership and the use of internet has fastly grown. It major power not be easy to pr edict the advertisement media that give be blanket(a)ly apply in the future. However, it is an open fact that advertisements testament continue to improve and strive to become more expedient to business organizationes and to the consumer (Tolani, 2010). Entrepreneurs and business managers are faced with the challenge of devising a survival of the fittest for an advertising media on a passing(a) footing.This is because the success of their establishments capaciously depends on the ability of the entrepreneurs and managers to create product and service awareness, build their firms image and reputation, and generate gross r crimsonue leads and r plainues. These efforts sens just now be realized by the use of newspaper and magazine advertisements, radio advertisements, television advertisements, outdoor advertising, web advertising, among galore(postnominal) separate advertising media. What will do the final medium choice may vary from one business to an anformer(a)(pr enominal) and the various factors that are in play toward meeting the specific business objectives (Patsula Media, 2007).Irrespective of the medium of advertisement that a business chooses to use for its products and services, it is important to note that both the print advertising and online advertising are highly necessary, given that the approachinges toward both, the purposes, and even the audiences are very some(prenominal)(predicate). It is not very advisable to consider one of these media as more in effect(p) that the other on mere basis of seasonal variance because either may everywheretake the other at some give quantify. A good number of people also ca-ca access to both sources and this shams it ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 12 mportant for entrepreneurs and business managers to give due c express upy to both (Web Windows, 2010). Thesis Statement Given the increased growth of information that is available over the internet and the subsequent increase in the number of people who incline to hap more time on the internet, companies are twist to advertise their goods and service online so as to capture this newly generated market. Emphasis has thus shifted to the possible effects that this emerging trend of online advertisement may construct on newspaper publisher advertisement, both in touristyity and advertisement tax income. Statement of the ProblemAdvertisement plays a very important function in the trading processes as it is the only way of life through which a business dejection bring to the attention of the consumers about their products, introduce a new product in the market or promote the sales of an existing product or service. solely these are core activitieswithout which, a business setup cannot effectively vie for customers in the al gain-herd market. Though in that respect are numerous media through which a business may place its advertisements, the nearly commonly used medium is the newspaper because of its wide readership and circulation.With the advent and advancement of technology, newspaper publishers have take ind information technology to an extremity of presenting their government issues both as newsprint and online interpretations. This advancement means that entrepreneurs have the option of choosing which version of a newspaper through which to place their advertisements. This will mainly be determined by an entrepreneurs own evaluation of the medium that will best suit the business needs. Lately, there ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 13 as been growing debate about the popularity of online newspaper and newsprint. This debate cannot escape the attention of entrepreneurs who really hope on these news media for their advertisements. There is general consensus that online versions of newspapers are gaining popularity among readers realismwide. Could this increasing popularity and, to some extent, translate into increased preference by entrepreneurs to place their advertis ements online rather of the newsprint version of newspapers? Background of the ProblemGiven the central role which newspapers play in the advertisement of goods and services by businesses, it is only important that entrepreneurs give special attention and critical evaluation on the volume of readership and scene of circulation of both the online version and newsprint version of newspapers. This would mean that new considerations are factored in when making a choice for advertisement media by business contrary to previous tension that focused only on readership and circulation. Ability to access n advertisement by potential customers is a major charge that attracts heated boardroom debates in companies, especial(a)ly due to intense competition for the crowded market. The significance of an advertisement media with regard to scope of outreach means that both entrepreneurs and advertisement agencies have a duty to adopt the use of advertisement media capable of optimizing market o utreach for a product or service. Key aspects for consideration with regard to choice of advertisement media are mainly in areas of prat audience and access.These entail considerations of readership and circulation which would tell that an advertisement reaches the highest number of target audience within the shortest duration possible and draws attention in the most appropriate way. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 14 While many entrepreneurs are coming up with some(prenominal) measures of ensuring they significantly save on advertisement costs for their products and services, advertising agencies are of the opinion that optimizing market outreach can best be progress tod by choosing a media with huge readership and wide circulation.Key areas suggested by advertisement experts include pretend and ability to attract attention among other advertisements. When due consideration is given to these two aspects, an advertisement media will be able to accomplish market outreach by approximately 70%, which is equivalent to nearly 5% of the total product market in a crowded environment. It is generally agreed that upgrading of newspapers to online versions can succor to significantly improve their readership and approachability, translating to wider market outreach for online advertisements.Such advancement in technology has for vast been credited as significant part of increasing readership, expanding circulation, and making lasting impact in advertisement. The most remarkable gain for online advertisement can be attributed to the increase in number of people owning computers and thence missing a mess hall of time on the internet unlike the numbers of people buying newsprint and the time they spend reading it. Justification for the StudyEffects of online advertisement toward newsprint advertisement are a welcome topic at this time when there is growing concern that newsprint advertisement is becoming less and less effective in an environment where consum ers are increasingly get their information online and from other non-traditional sources. This belief has also cadaverous a lot of objection from newspaper advertisement sales agent who insist that newsprint advertising is more effective than online advertising.To them, newsprint advertising is tangible, making it possible for a potential ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 15 customer to clip it out, hold in the hand and carry to the store unlike online advertisements, which is only visual. Though online advertisement can cost a business slightly more, it is becoming more popular with consumers and can thus not be simply brushed off. This calls for a strategy that will visualize that this advertisement medium is embraced without jeopardizing the profits of a business. Deficiencies in the evidenceThe choice of an advertisement media that an entrepreneur or a business opts to use for its products or services are mainly determined by size of business and the target audience whethe r they are other businesses, youth, elderly, men or women. The access to an advertisement by these groups of persons is kind of varied as all of them have their own preferences of media choices. The youth may be found of internet era the elderly may be accustomed to newsprint. While online advertising may work a big impact among the youth, it may not necessarily do the like with the elderly or housewives.The size of a business will also play a big role in the choice of advertising media. For ex respectable, small businesses may not have all the specie to invest in certain media which are considered expensive and are therefore a preserve for big businesses. Advertising is an expensive feign and may not be appealing or affordable to all entrepreneurs. This means that the choice of a media may not necessarily be determined by its effectiveness but rather by the investment capacity of any given entrepreneur.Evidence obtained for this pack will thus be influenced to a greater exte nt by individual entrepreneur considerations and not necessarily by the popularity of any given media. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 16 Definition of Terms Advertising Media refers to means by which an advertising message is carried to potential customers and includes television, radio, internet, magazines, newspaper, and signage Online Advertising refers to advertising that is done over the internet Newsprint Advertising refers to placing advertisements on a newspaper Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of studying effects of online advertisement toward newsprint advertisement is to 1. Ensure that entrepreneurs are provided with ample information regarding the various advertisement media to enable them make informed choices 2. Ensure that myths revolving effectiveness of either newsprint advertisement or online advertisement are eliminated and substituted with live statistics 3. Ensure that advertisement agencies are able to set their media in a manner that will enable businesses reach their target audience in the most effective way and at the least cost possible 4.Ensure that recommendations are made that would help entrepreneurs make a choice on the most effective media for their advertisements. This study is significant because it would help in ensuring that useful information is made available to help entrepreneurs with their advertisement decisions, particularly those foc utilise on newsprint and online advertisements. It will also ensure that advancements in technology are ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 17 embraced and advertising services evolve to best meet the opportunities and challenges of the future with regard to market outreach.Hypotheses The following hypotheses were tested in this study 1. H01 Advertising plays a central role in business success. HA1 Advertising does not play a central role in the success of a business. 2. H02 most businesses advertise on newsprint media. HA2 Most businesses do not advertise on newsprint media. 3. H03 Mo st entrepreneurs prefer to use online advertisements for their products. HA3 Most entrepreneurs do not prefer to use online advertisement for their products. 4. H04 Newsprint advertising is more effective that online advertising.HA4 Newsprint advertising is less effective than online advertising. 5. H05 Online advertising is the future of product advertisement. HA5 Online advertising is not the future of product advertisement. Summary The shift in focus by entrepreneurs and businesses to put more attention on online advertisement instead on the traditional advertisement media is broadly seen as one of the main steps toward technological rotation of the advertising industry. This would go a long way in realizing wider market outreach and increased sales for businesses and publishers who embrace the internet for their publications.This, in essence, would mean increased readership for online version of newspapers, translating into bigger profit margins. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEME NT 18 This study has been designed to explore various modes of newspapers as major advertisement media which can be used by entrepreneurs and businesses to advertise their products and services. Special focus has been given to Star Newsprint and Star Online, which are Malaysias leading English publications. Chapter two of this work is an extensive literature review on matters relating to online and newsprint publications as well as online and newsprint advertisement.Chapter three is an outline of data aggregation and treatment while chapters tetrad and vanadium respectively present findings and discussions. Chapter six outlines major conclusions and recommendations. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 19 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Newspapers have conventionally played a very significant role in the advertisement of goods and services. This has been mainly attributed to their wide readership and circulation since they can be easily obtained, from the nearest street ve ndor to the biggest shop mall in the biggest city.The readership of newspapers also cut across all ages, sexes, and social classes as they commonly publish articles that would be useful to all these category of persons in one way or the other,. Newspapers have for long dominated the advertisement scene due to the low costs involved as compared to other advertisement media. Newspaper comes either as newsprint or online. Newspaper publishers have lately resorted to the two kinds of publication to meet the various demands of different readers (Mutter, 2010).The introduction of online version of newspaper has seen a significant downslope in the readership of the print newspaper, and this trend is projected to continue into the future. This scenario which is almost inevitable and probably irreversible is generating big concern on the future of printed newspaper as well as newsprint advertisement. The picture of newspaper corpse very important for publishers since it is responsible for the biggest volume of revenue for publishers, contributing nearly 90% of the total revenue for a newspaper community.Analyst are quick to point that any attempt to rid of print newspaper would simply through publication companies out of business since the advertising revenue will almost drop to 5%, if not zero (Mutter, 2010). However, the continued survival of print newspaper will to a great extent be determined by consumer demands, good state of an economy, and the interest of marketers to use newsprint ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 20 advertising. It is predicted that with the diminishing economic prospects declining advertising revenue, there is a high possibility of a major drop in consumer demand for print newspapers.This is demonstrated on the fact that close to half of print newspaper readers are aged population who are statistically likely to pass out with time. The younger population is not found of print newspapers, and this habit will probably ac social club them to old age. Unless this readership habit of the younger population changes, it is quite evident that the print newspaper readership will continue to quail as the aged population slowly makes their exit, leaving the younger population that has already formed a habit of not reading the print newspaper (Mutter, 2010). Evaluation of Print NewspaperPrint newspaper has conventionally been associated with a number of advantages, which have probably made it very popular. It is generally agreed that print newspapers have allegiant readership, which makes it a powerful advertising tool as compared to internet. Print newspaper is considered very effective when a particular geographic area is cosmos targeted for example, when you want to notify people of about a upcoming sporting event. For those who have information to fetch, print newspaper is more flexible in ground of outer space as one is able to determine the size that would best suit his/her needs.Certain print newspapers enjoy m any loyal fans, thus increasing their readership (Lad, 2009). On the other hand, print newspapers have certain disadvantages. Print newspaper generally has limited lifespan, meaning they are only available to the public for a single mean solar day after which they are withdrawn from sale. Print newspaper may not give a wide reach as compared with internet that has a global audience. Print newspapers have the limitation in terms of the ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 21 audience who may in truth read it, and certain copies may actually not be available on demand at all multiplication (Lad, 2009).Evaluation of Online Newspaper Online newspapers tend to offer information to the reader much more quickly as compared to the print version. The online version is forever and a day available on the internet before the print version is on the streets. Online publications can normally be updated some(prenominal) times in a day with the latest news and happenings. Moreover, while print ver sion is purchased, online newspapers are accessed free of charge. This makes it possible for a reader to use a wide spectrum of newspapers possible.Online versions enable users to make use of links to divide large units of information into more easily digestible portions, and to search information in the newspaper is also automated. Readers of online versions are able to archive articles on the computer, contact editors via e-mail, and use interactive games (Lad, 2009). The disadvantages attributed to online versions include the fact that they do not give detailed reports on all the subjects and tend to omit several fragments found in the print version. This limits information available to the online reader.Reading from a computer does not convey the traditional experience of reading a newspaper, which is a key characteristic of print newspaper. During peak times when several users are scrambling to access news, the download times are very long. Online newspapers are characterized by so many links which are quite confusing instead of being useful, particularly the amount of research necessary and the need to constantly check the link address. One gets tired looking at the computer screen and it may take time to get used to them (Lad, 2009).ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 22 Case Study Star Online and Star Newspaper The Star is one of the leading English language newspapers in Malaysia. The statistics issued from the Audit Bureau of Circulation indicate that the print version of this newspaper has a day-to-day circulation of nearly 950,000 copies while the Sunday Star records a readership of nearly 850,000. The publication is mainly owned by the Malaysian Chinese Association. The main competitors of this publication are The Sun and the New Straits Times, which are also published in English.The Star newspaper traces its history back in 1971, when it was first published as a regional newspaper in Georgetown. By 1976, the newspaper had gained national circula tion in Malaysia, and established its headquarters at the pastorals capital, Kuala Lumpur. The growth in business saw the company relocate to Petaling Jaya, where it is currently based (Star Publication, 2009). The companys print newspapers, The Star mundane and The Sunday Star are published in five different editions. Two of the editions cover the northern eninsular states of Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Perak. Two other editions cover the larger country. The Star insouciant is divided into sections consisting of the Main Paper, StarBiz, StarTwo, Star subway system, and classified section. The features of the Main Paper are predominantly local and multinational news. The StarBiz is mainly concerned with trade and reports on market trends, financial reports, and stock market updates. On the other hand, Star Two mainly feature articles on entertainment, environment, science, lifestyle, and fashion among several others.Lastly, the content of Star Metro is varied and tends to focus more on the area of circulation (Star Publication, 2009). The continued demand by the publications readers saw the emergence of The Star Online, which is an internet version of The Star newspaper. This was in response to the persistent ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 23 demand for an online version of the newspaper, and it finally made entry into the market in 2005. The company prides its strengths as a newspaper on the cornerstones of internet and media ventures.The Star Online and its many components are seduced, managed, developed, and contributed to by the Star Division, The Star Online and Multimedia Newsdesk teams of The Stars Editorial Department (Star Publication, 2009). Newsprint Advertisement Advertisement can be traced to the emergence of trading activities from very early days as evidenced by archeological artifacts drawn from different parts of the world. With the invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg who was a German Goldsmith, mer chants were able to duplicate advertisements for their wares.By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, newsprint advertising had become the principal(a) means for companies to communicate their sales and promotional materials to the consumers. This was mainly through media such as newspapers, magazines, fliers, posters, and billboards (Walker, 2010). Following the invention of printing press, advertisements became a common place in hebdomadally newspapers and periodical journals. The items, which were mainly featured in such advertisements, included new machines, other print publications or reported the discoveries and inventions of the enlightenment era.The first newsprint to offer advertising space for sale was the French publication La Presse in 1836. This saw this newsprint being sold more cheaply, hence recorded increased readership and profitability. This move inspired other newspapers and magazines across the world to follow suit in this commercial strategy. In the contem porary newsprint, advertising designers are able to ascertain highly creative commercials through digital image manipulation in order to make the biggest market impact (Walker, 2010).ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 24 Newsprints noneffervescent remain key advertisement medium for every business to such a point that it is hard to imagine doing business without advertising in a newspaper or a magazine. This is particularly important for small businesses that can hardly afford other media of advertisement. Paid-circulation newspapers have for long dominated the mass media market for advertisement as reflected in advertisement sales volumes. Newspapers are very popular with both multinational businesses and small-scale dealers.This is probably due to the fact that businesses come in three distinct forms namely local, regional, and national newspapers each targeting different audience according to its scope of circulation (Patsula Media, 2007). Advantages There are a number of advan tages that print newspaper advertisements have over online advertisements. Print newspapers have very wide circulation as almost every home in the city subscribed to daily access of a printed newspaper. Where the advertisement is intended to reach audience only in a particular geographical region, print newspaper readily permits this.The printed advertisement benefits from both permanence and desired obsolescence. This means that a reader is able to refer back or even cut out a particular advert. Print newspapers have a predictable frequency of publication, either on daily or weekly basis, making it possible for advertisers to target days of wider readership for their adverts (Brassil, 2010). The immediacy that print newspapers have makes it possible for urgent advertisements to be responded fast, thereby producing urgent results. When deadlines are short, it permits quick responses to changing market conditions.Readers are already accustomed themselves to getting advertisements on print newspapers to an extent that a good number buys print newspapers just to read advertisements. At the same time, print newspaper reading has nearly become a habit for ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 25 most people. Specific sector adverts can be very easily placed on the various sections of print newspaper such as sports, news, and classifieds to ensure the target is directly hit (Brassil, 2010). Print newspapers give advertisers a lot of flexibility both in size and placement.This means that production changes can be easily responded to whenever the need arises. Advertisements that are placed on print newspapers can be examined at leisure since the exposure is not limited, thus readers are able to take their time going through the message. Since placement on print newspaper can be tailored to a size that suits the budget of the advertiser, it is possible even for small businesses to place their small adverts at low costs. Print newspapers offer wide options to advertisers w hether place their advertisements as replicate only, copy with graphics, colored, or black and white.Finally, print newspapers features supplements which readers can easily pull out and save (Brassil, 2010). Disadvantages Advertising on print newspaper has not escaped its own set of shortcomings. Because of the large number of advertisements which are featured on the newspaper, any particular advertisement must compete for readers attention. This means that readers who only spend a few minutes reading the print newspaper may fail to capture the advertisement. At the same time, there is hardly a fix that everybody who reads the print newspaper will read the advertisements placed in it.This is because a print newspaper has several sections and not all readers read every section of the newspaper. The short lifespan, normally daily, that newspapers have forces advertisers to insert bigeminal advertisements even for a whole week so as to reach a good number of readers. This may be exp ensive particularly for small businesses (Brassil, 2010). ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 26 Online Advertisement The variation in information and communication technology has come with both opportunities and risks for the business community, particularly from the point of view of the traditionally-established media. network as a form of computer aided communication is equally unsure for the print media. The skilful potential in advertisement that online newspaper offers surpasses that of the printed newspaper in several ways. Online newspaper is interactive multimedia system for providing internal and external networks, while offering a selection of functions, possibility for regular updates, access to archives, rapid access to large number of newspapers, and being paperless, thus ensuring there is no problem of waste disposal (Neuberger, Tonnemacher, Bibl & Duck, 1998). AdvantagesThe economic constraints that businesses face on everyday basis often leave enterprises with ve ry little money to spare on advertising. This is more common among the small businesses who often find themselves light in the pocket. It is therefore important to opt for an advertisement medium that give optimum output and minimal costs. Online advertisement is generally seen to be complacent in this line than the traditional newsprint advertisement. When online advertisements are on a pay-per-click basis, an entrepreneur only pays when a potential customer clicks on the advert and ends up on the entrepreneurs website.This ensures that businesses only pay for leads that end up in their website as opposed to mass messages in the print newspaper that may or may not reach the target audience. There is therefore level best return on investment for a business using online advertisement (Rogers, 2010). ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 27 Online advertisement also works very quickly given the fact that the day that one gets started is the same day that results manifest. There is basic ally neither waiting period nor long startup process.Once an entrepreneur is ready to get started, he/she can very easily launch a successful advertisement promotion on a number of channels. This tends to produce quick results and the campaign can also be well-kept for a longer period of time unlike print newspapers which have daily lifespan. Online advertisement enables businesses to target their markets more efficiently than print newspapers. This can be achieved through the use of social networks that an entrepreneur considers pertinent to the campaign.Once these social networks are identified, a business can dig very deeply into their niche, enabling them to produce the maximum results with very little investment (Rogers, 2010). Advertising online has the advantage of giving elaborate and thorough statistics that enables a business to tweak and optimize their campaigns to the maximum. This is a total deviation from newsprint advertising when one can do very little to track the success of one campaign as compared to another. Online advertising avails quite a number of information just at a mouse click.With online advertising, an entrepreneur is able to proctor the number of people who visits the business website, where they come from, what they did once they were there, and many other details. Online advertisement also allows plenteous control and analysis since one is able to manage how many times to show up in the search engines, thus make it possible to gain huge returns for the business (Rogers, 2010). Disadvantages One key disadvantage that is associated with online advertisement relates to advertising overload as there is incredible amount of clutter on most web pages.This arises from the fact that ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT every advertiser tries to draw the attention of web viewers, making readers have access to too much information which they can hardly digest. Under these circumstances, the web viewers normally choose to ignore the adver tisements and this will lead to low rates of return. Also, online advertisement is remedy a new concept for many advertisement agencies, which simply cannot tell just yet which advertising method works best (Rogers, 2010). 28 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 29CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Introduction In research undertaking, the methodology section is one of the crucial areas to be tackled in a proffer document because it forms the basis of the results of research findings. A research can be faced with big challenges due to defame choice of method used. To avoid this, good planning of the method is essential and in order to get veritable results. The issue of reliability establishes that a research should have the ability to show consistency in the results even after a study is repeatedly done by different researchers.Reliability in research study can also be enhanced through good structure of the methodology. When the correct data put one overion methods are used, proportional sam ples are amass, and the correct method of analysis is used, a research can achieve validity. Since this thesis is inductive in nature, it prompted the application of a qualitative methodology. This means that the views of newspaper publishers and advertisement experts have been given a lot of weight. This was done by administering both physical and online questionnaires as well as conducting in-depth interviewseach lasting nearly 45 minutes.Those interviewed had to be newspaper publishers, advertisement agencies, and general newspaper readers in Malaysia who have been in the sector for the last five years. Moreover, at the time of the interview, they were actively engaged in related media and general businesses. This ensured very rich data was gathered from persons with a wealth of experience. Data Collection Methods The key purpose of data gathering was to ensure that a rich set of description was obtained. To achieve this, the interviews were transcribed in real time by the inte rviewer.The ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 30 responses were then rock-bottom and analyzed by adopting principles of data codification and clustering (Miles & Huberman, 1994). This was supplemented by administration of questionnaires as well as comprehensive review of relevant literature. Sources The data gathered for this research is from a wide range of documentary sources relating to newspapers as advertisement medium in general as well as those specifically relating to print newspaper and online newspaper giving special ferocity to The Star Publications.These mainly included policy documents and faculty member and the non-academic documents. First, journals on newspaper advertisements were searched. Second, electronic databases were searched using key words like newsprint advertisement, online advertisement real The Star newspaper and effects of online advertisement on newsprint advertisement. Literature review included both conceptual and empirical works, with about 15 articles reviewed for this study. Interviews The interviews dwelt on the following areas ? The considerations when choosing advertisement media ?The relationship between newspaper readership and circulation and advertisement impact ? The means of promoting advertisement on both print newspaper and online newspaper so as to enable business reap maximum benefits from these advertisement media ? What the future holds for print newspapers and online newspapers, with emphasis on The Star quotidian and The Star Online. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 31 Questionnaires A questionnaire survey of the newspaper publication sector was conducted to understand the aspects of print newspaper and online newspaper advertisements in Malaysia.The survey was explanatory in nature as the objective was to gain insight on the effects of online advertisement on newsprint advertisement. The questionnaire was administered to nearly 100 Malaysia entrepreneurs, 100 Star Publication readers, and over 100 a dvertisement experts. The set sent to the entrepreneurs and advertisement experts included a cover letter, which explains the purpose and need for the study, the questionnaire document, and a prepaid reply envelope. garner reminding the respondents of the questionnaires were later sent to those who had not responded within the three weeks duration.Case Study This thesis involves classical use of case studies to gain a deeper insight through the application of a set of ideas. A multiple case study approach helps in developing a hypothesis which is better grounded, more accurate, and more generalised (Eisenhardt & Graebner, 2007). Case studies are introduced to test the possible effects that advertising in online newspapers could have on advertising on print newspapers, and the users adoption of one over the other. The use of case study is important in practical testing of theories with practitioners in real life situation.The case study organizations are selected based on the idea of theoretical sampling. This is because when it comes to building a theory, theoretical sampling tends to be preferred as compared to reason out concept found in statistical studies. This means that the cases are chosen for theoretical and not for statistical reasons (Schroeder, Linderman, Liedtke & Choo, 2008). An analysis has been developed on how the use of online advertisement is steadily gaining popularity among entrepreneurs in Malaysia, and particularly the use of The Star Online.ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 32 Survey Analysis From the nearly 100 questionnaires that were mailed to entrepreneurs, 85 were returned. This equal an 85% response to the questionnaires. However, those that contained usable data were only 70, thus a satisfactory response rate can be said to have been reasonably attained. From the 100 questionnaires administered to advertisement experts, 80 were duly holy and handed over. From these about 74 contained usable data representing nearly 80% respo nse rate which can be considered satisfactory.Ninety-five out of the 100 readers of both versions of The Star duly responded to the questionnaires and all had useful data. Chart 1 Treatment of Data In research, the data collected need to be synthesized in order to make sense with regard to what is being studied. The data from the questionnaires in this research were analyzed extensively to retrieve the information contained in them (Zikmund, 2003). The triangulation method for data analysis and interpretation was used to interpret the data collected, basing arguments on grounded theory (Dick, 2000 Knafl & Breitmayer, 1991).In addition, the information obtained from the case study were analyzed individually and thereafter, a comparison was made between the different data sources. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 33 Research Limitations The main limitation that may be pointed out in this research is the use of a single case study. However, it is also true that online advertisement i s still a recent concept that has not gained much popularity among entrepreneurs. At the same time, the single case approach has weight in the sense that it allows the achievement of a comprehensive analysis.Some of the information have also not been validated through multiple case analyses so as to provide a solid and practical basis for understanding the effects of online advertisement on newsprint advertisement. Rigor, Validity, Reliability, and Ethics The four categories of quality circumspection in research were highly considered. These include validity, reliability, ethics, and rigor (Zikmund, 2003). Reliability of a research is its ability to rise consistency in results this was achieved through the control of sample by stratifying the population to get a more representative sample.On the other hand, validity is the ability of a scale to measure what it is intended to measure but not going beyond the topic of the study. The triangulation method was used to control this aspe ct in the thesis. Ethics involves adherence to the norms accepted in gathering of information and this has been ensured by providing secrecy on the information collected from the entrepreneurs. Lastly, the rigor of the research was directed toward efficient sample size in a critical look in any investigation.The main purpose that a researcher utilizes a sample is to reduce the charges and to collect important data faster (Zikmund, 2003). ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT Human Rights Protection The people who were interviewed were assured of their confidentiality. In addition, the information gathered ensures the peoples privacy. The entrepreneurs and their businesses will have their rights protected. Research Schedule/Timeline This research took a period of eight weeks. This is considered an ideal timeframe given the busy schedule of some of the subjects who were to be interviewed and have give appointments at later dates.A detailed summary of the work plan for the research has been tabulated below Table 1 Work Plan Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Research proposal Preliminary literature review search Literature review and writing Interviews Case study collection Interview editing, coding and interpretation Report interpretation Report writing and presentation 34 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 35 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Research findings indicate that The Star Online is not yet well explored as regularly as The Star Daily print version.According to the survey, only 41% of the users of The Star Online read it daily, as opposed to the 60% who read The Daily Star daily. Chart 2 Seventy percent read The Star Online edition several times a week, while 80% read The Star Daily several times a week. Only 5% of online users say they never read a print version. Online newspapers are read less a great deal and also for shorter periods than printed newspapers. Four out of five users (81%) spend less than an hour reading The Star Online on days w hen they read it. Only 35% of print readers spend such a short time on it.About one-third of the readers of both The Star Online and The Star Daily were un voluntary to pin themselves down to a particular time of day for reading the paper. One in four (25%) said they read The Star Daily between 5 and 9 a. m. The main time for reading The Star Online is around 6 p. m. (38%)this is the time preferred by users of the online edition, which can be read ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 36 on the evening before the printed version appears or which are updated several times in the course of the day.In The Star Online version, the classic sections of the newspaper are the most frequently used. The section Local News is also highly popular. One in three readers of the online version uses the archive frequently (32%) and only about one-third of users did not read the small ads (37%). Items with entertainment value or with feedback possibilities were not very popular. Clear differences emerge d between the different kinds of versions, and this only shows that preferences are transferred from the print media to their online equivalents.Proof of this is the strong interest in Local/Regional Affairs of Internet users of local and regional newspapers or the importance attached to street smart information on politics and business matters. A number of questions dealt with the comparison of the information content of The Star Online compared with The Star Daily. Compared with the print version, the online newspaper was rated 45% of the respondents as providing more expanse of information, while only 30% voted in favor of the print version on this criterion 20% rated both versions on this count.The small size of The Star Online compared with The Star Daily may be the reason that the print newspaper was rated by considerably more respondents as providing greater scope of information. Chart 3 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 37 Regarding finding information in the paper, the p osition is more verifying for The Star Online 50% of users stated that they could find their way around just as well as in The Star Daily, while 20% were able to find their way around the online version better.With regard to entertainment value, 40% of users found The Star Online just as good as print version, 35% of users rated print version better and 27% favored online version. What about reader loyalty? About 65% would have chosen The Star Daily and just fewer than 30% would have preferred The Star Online, if only one of the versions had been available. The decision in favor of the print version was based on its portability, while the advantages of the online version were seen as being its accessibility from outside the normal circulation area and the avoidance of unwanted paper.The main advantage, however, in the eyes of the respondents was that online newspapers are normally provided free of charge. It is therefore not surprising that only 35% of users would be prepared to ac cept a charge. Out of these, 80% stated that they would only be willing to pay for online newspapers if they were cheaper than print newspapers. Only 1% of those users willing to accept a charge could imagine paying more for online newspapers. Apparently, then, users are not willing to pay for the advantages of online newspapers. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 38 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONThe case study of Star Publications shows that online newspaper users base their activities and/or forebodeations on the print newspaper and use or design their product accordingly. The online user knows what to expect of a site as the online version retains the name of the printed version, use a similar layout, and similar contents. Moreover, the positive image of a paper can be transferred to the internet. On the other hand, too strong preference toward the printed original could mean that the possibilities offered by internet technology are not fully exploitedthat copy is simply lifted from the printed version.Given such trends toward the future consumption of newspapers, it is clear that online newspapers are steadily taking over the readership of print newspapers. This has the potential of influencing the choices of advertisement media, which entrepreneurs will be making regarding print newspapers or online newspapers. The concern for newspaper publishers would be about the timeframe for which their print newspaper audience would be big enough to justify such huge investment toward publication and distribution of print newspapers.Similar concern would be to entrepreneurs and businesses which still rely to a great extent on print newspaper for their advertisements. Are they likely to continue using print newspapers for their advertisements or the trend would most likely shift toward online newspapers? The introduction of charges for use seems scarcely possibleat least not as long as the same or similar information is available on the Internet free of charge. The doubts o f the advertising industry may evaporate as the Internet becomes increasingly widespread and commonly used (Mutter, 2010).ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 39 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Major Conclusions It would be quite wrong and misleading to rule out the future of print newspapers as advertising media just because of the increased use of online advertising. The reality is that paid circulation newspapers like The Star and Sunday Star still remain very popular advertising media for both local and international businesses. Print newspapers are the most aged forms of mass media, and will thus continue to be dominant in this field, recording big volumes of advertising revenue.Multinationals and local public convenience store will continue to depend on print newspapers for their advertisements. Print newspapers are found in each and every community worldwide and readers are very fond of them (Brassil, 2010). Both online and newsprint advertisement have their character istics which show strong and weak points. This explains why despite the perceived decline in readership of print newspapers, a scan through a print newspaper will reveal a number of businesses that continue to place their advertisements on daily basis.The continued presence of advertisements on newsprint clearly indicates that it still works as a very effective advertisement medium. Although printed newspaper no longer enjoys easy lay monopoly as the predominant source of news, it is clear that they still remain a strong factor in their specific sphere of influence, and online advertisement is not about to edge it out (Brassil, 2010) Recommendations 1. Entrepreneurs should highly consider using both print and online newspapers for their advertisements since both have reasonable number of loyal readers. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 2.When placing advertisements on online newspapers, designers should avoid putting a lot of emphasis on feedbacks since readers rarely give them at tention. 3. Advertisements on both versions of newspapers should be critically placed on segments that are frequented by readers so as to attract their attention with ease. 4. Links placed on online newspapers should be more easy to use so that readers can easily navigate through the paper. 5. Most advertisements that target younger persons should be preferably placed on online newspapers while those targeting older people should be placed on print versions.